497. All participles are derived from verbs; thus, from labor comes iador ing; from beat, beating, rejoice, rejoicing, &c.: hence, 498. The participle is a word derived from a verb, and partakes of the nature of a verb and adjective. 499. When I say," John is writing," the participle writing shows what John is now doing, but has not finished; writing, then, may be called a present participle: hence, 500. The present participle expresses what is now taking place, but not finished. 501-1. This participle always ends in ing; as, sinning, fighting, weeping loving, &c. There are many words of this termination, which are not participles; as, morning, evening, which are nouns; uninteresting, unsatisfying, which are adjectives. The fact that these cannot be formed from verbs will furnish you with a certain rule for distinguishing the participle from all other words of the same termination; as, for instance, uninteresting, we know, is not a participle, because there is no such verb as uninterest, from which to form it. 501. "The letter is written." Here the participle written shows that the act of writing is past and finished; it may then be called a perfect participle: hence, 502. The perfect participle expresses what is past and finished. 502-1. This participle may always be distinguished by its making sense with having; thus, having written, having sung, &c. Here writter and sung are perfect participles. 503. "John, having written his letter, sealed it." Here you doubtless per ceive that the act of writing took place before that of sealing; also, that the participle is composed of two words, having and written; it may then be call ed a compound participle, and because it denotes also an action past and finish ed, it may very properly be called a compound perfect participle: hence, 504. The compound perfect participle expresses what took place before something else mentioned. 504-1. This participle is formed by placing the present participle having before the perfect participle of any verb; as, having fought, having ciphered XLI. FORMATION OF THE PASSIVE VERB. 505. Struck is a perfect participle, from the verb strike, and this you know because it makes sense joined with having; as, having struck. From what are all participles derived? 497. Give an example. 497. What is a participle? 498. When I say, "John is writing," what docs writing show? 499. What, then, may it be called? 499. What, then, is a present participle? 500. What does this participle always end in? 500-1. Give an example. 500-1. Are all words ending in ing participles? Give an example of nouns of this termination of adjectives? 500-1 How, then, can the participle be distinguished? Give an example. 500-1. The letter is written." What does the participle written show here? What, then, may it be called? 501. What is a perfect participle? 502. How may this participle always he known? Give an example. 502-1. Having written, having sung. Which are the perfect participles here? 502. "John, having written his letter, sealed it." Which took place first, the writing or sealing? 503. Of what is this participle composed 503. What, then, may it be called? 503 What does having written denote in reference to time and action? 503. What may it thence be called? 503. What does a compound perfect parti ciple express 504. How is this participle formed? 504 Give an example. 504. XLI. Striking, strusk, having struck Here are three different participles: can you tell which is the present? Why; 500. Perfect? Why? 502. Compound perfect? Why? 503. What kind of a participle is struck 505 How do you know this? 505 "I am, 506. Is, you doubtless recollect, is a variation of the verb to be; as, you are he is:" now, by joining is with struck, we can form the passive verb is struck; "John strikes Joseph" is active; but "Joseph is struck by John" is passive. 507. In these two examples, you perceive that the sense of each is the same hence, by means of the passive verb, we are enabled to express, in a different form, the precise meaning of the active, which, you will oftentimes find, contributes not a little to the variety and harmony of the language. 508. By examining the conjugation of the verb to be, you will discover that it has, in all, ten variations: víz. am, art, is, are, was, wast, were, been, be, and being. Every passive verb must be composed of one of these ten variations, and the perfect participle of any active transitive verb. Thus, taking was, and joining it with the perfect participle of the verb beat, namely, beaten, we form the passive verb was beaten, to which prefixing an object, or nominative case, we have the phrase," William was beaten." 509. It is a fact worthy to be remembered, that the passive verb always retains the same mood, tense, number, and person, that the verb to be has, before it is incorporated with the participle; thus, "He has been" is the indica tive perfect, third person singular; then, " He has been rejected," is likewise the indicative perfect, third person singular, passive. It cannot, therefore, be d ficult to tell the mood, tense, number, and person of any passive verb, if you e familiar with the conjugation of the verb to be. From the foregoing particulars, we derive the following general rule : 510. All passive verbs are formed by adding the perfect participle of any active-transitive verb to the neuter verb to be. XLII. OF THE AUXILIARY VERB. 511. Auxiliary verbs are those by the help of which the principal verbs are conjugated. 512. The auxiliary verbs are may, can, must, might, could, would, should, and shall. The following are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs: do, be, have, and will. 513. When, in the formation of any tense, we use an auxiliary verb, that tense is called a compound one; and the tense formed by the principal verb lone is called a simple tense. XLIII. SIGNS OF THE MOODS. 514. The indicative mood may be known by the sense, or by its having no sign except in asking a question; as, "Who comes here?" Of what verb is the verb is a variation? 506. Will you form a passive verb with is and struck? 506. "John strikes Joseph." How may the sense of this sentence be expressed by a passive verb? 506. What advantage does the use of the passive verb often afford us? 507. To what does it contribute? 507. How many variations has the verb to be in all 508. What are they? 508. What will always compose one part of a passive verb? 508 What the other past? 508 What fact is mentioned as worthy of notice? 509. What mood, tense, number, and person is "He has been"? 509. Is "He has been rejected"? 509. What will make the mood, tense, &c of passive verbs familiar? 509. How are all passive verbs formed? 510 XLII What is the meaning of auxil iary? 196. What are auxiliary verbs? 511. What verbs are used both as auxiliary and principal verbs? 512. XLIII. What is the sign of the indica tive mood? 514 Give an example. 514 515. The potential mood has for its signs the auxiliaries may, can, must, might, could, would, and should; as, could love," &c. 516. The subjunctive mood has usually for its signs the conjunctions if, though, unless, except, whether, and lest; as, "Unless he repent," &c. 517. The infinitive mood has usually for its sign the word to; as, to sing. 518. The imperative mood may be distinguished by its always being in the second person, and by its agreement with thou, or ye, or you; as, “Depart thou," &c. XLIV. SIGNS OF THE TENSES OF THE 519. The present tense has for its sign the first form of the verb; as, weep, remain, &c.; excepting the occasional use of do; as, "I do learn." 520. The imperfect tense has no auxiliary for a sign, except did, which is sometimes used. If, however, the verb is not in the present tense, and has no auxiliary, it follows that it is in the imperfect; as, "I fought." 521. The perfect tense has for its sign the word have; as, have loved. 522. The pluperfect has for its sign had; as, had loved. 523. The first future has for its sign shall or will; as, shall or will love. 524. The second future has for its sign shall have or will have; as, shall have loved, or will have loved. 525. The indicative mood has six tenses. 526. The subjunctive mood has six tenses. 527. The potential mood has four tenses. 528. The infinitive mood has two tenses. 529. The imperative mood has one tense. What is the sign of the potential mood? 515. Give an example. 515. What is the sign of the subjunctive mood? 516. Give an example. 516. What is the sign of the infinitive mood? 517. Give an example. 517. What is the sign of the imperative? 518. Give an example. 518. XLIV. What is the sign of the present indicative? 519. Give an example. 519. Sign of the imperfect? 520. Give an example. 520. Sign of the perfect? 521. Give an ex ample. 521. Sign of the pluperfect? 522. Give an example. 522. Sign of the first future? 523. Give an example. 523. Sign of the second future? 524. Give an example. 524. How many tenses has the indicativa mood? 525. How many the subjunctive? 526. XLV. CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 530. When I ask you to raise your voice, in reading, you readily understand what I mean by voice; but in grammar, its application is somewhat peculiar. Grammatically considered, it refers to the active and passive nature of verbs. 531. The CONJUGATION of a verb is the regular combination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods and tenses. 532. The CONJUGATION of an active verb is styled the ACTIVE VOICE, and that of a passive verb the PASSIVE VOICE. 533. Verbs are called REGULAR, when they form their imperfect tense of the indicative mood, and their perfect participle, by the addition of ed to the verb in the present tense, or d only when the verb ends in e; as, Pres. Tense. I favor. I love. Imp. Tense. I loved. Perf. Participle. Loved. 534. When a verb does not form its imperfect tense and perfect participle in this manner, it is called an IRREGULAR VERB; as, Pres. Tense. Imp. Tense. Perf. Participle. I am. 535. The regular verb love, and the irregular verb to be are conjugated as follows: |