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offences, but though a hundred favors be done to the bad they will, on receiving a single offence regard them all as offences."-Múdurei.

There are two versions of Auveiyar's moral maxims in English, one in German and another in Dutch; and Beschi, in his introduction to his Grammar of the high Tamil, speaks of them "worthy of Seneca himself."

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11. Tiruvalluvar, a brother of Anveiyar and who, like her, being exposed, was brought up by a Valluvan or soothsayer of the pariah caste at Mailapoor, in the Carnatic. Though his foster father designed him for his own profession, yet he took care have him educated in every kind of learning, especially poetry, logic and metaphysics. When he arrived at the age of maturity, he, wishing to make himself known to the world, repaired to the university of Madura, then in the zenith of its glory, and disputed with, and baffled all its learned professors, who thereupon elected him as & member of that institution, and short

Iv afterwards, when he recited before them his Kural, a didactic poem of 1330 distichs, conferred on

him a

mongst other titles that of TeivappuLavur, or the divine poet. Little more than this is known of his present history; and it would appear, that be sides the Kural he has left only a single drama called Gnâna Vettiyân, in which he has combated and exposed the pretensions of the brahmans in He was marria most biting manner.

ed to a Vellale female, named Vashui, and was so fondly attached to her,

that after her death he resolved never

to marry again and assumed the life of Yoghi, or contemplative sage. The following verse is said to have been ejaculated extempore by him, while ying sleepless and agitated, on the night following the decease of his wife.

"When I have lost a woman who excelled in the knowledge of housewifery, who performed rightly all domestic duties. "Who never trangressed by word or deed, who chafed my limbs, and ever slumbered until I slept.

"Arose before I awake; Alas!

Alas!

"How can my eyes again know sleep."-Ellis.

Like most of the philosophers of his age, he was of the saiva profession, though the jainas contend, from his having used in a distich of his kural their peculiar term andanén to designate the supreme being, that he belonged to their sect.

Of his compositions, the Kural attracted the notice of the European literati so far back as 1730, and has since been translated both into German

and English, the former by the Rev. Dr. Cammerer, and the latter by Messrs, Ellis and Clarke.

The following distichs from the kural on friendship are given here as rendered into English by Mr. Ellis.

"The friendship of the wise is like the moon in its increase; the friend

ship of the fools like the moon in its

decrease."

"As the pleasures of learning increase by constant application; so the friendship of the worthy increaseth by

constant intercourse."

"True friendship is not that which dimpleth the face with smiles, but that which maketh the heart rejoice."

"Friendship should repel all injuries, should take the lead in the path of virtue, and, in unavoidable misfortune, should share the adversity it causeth,"

"Vain is the fragile friendship, however specious, which saith-Even as they are to us, so will we he to them.",

12 Kapiler, another brother of Au vieyar, brought up by a Brahman at Trivaloor, in the Carnatic-His fame rests principally upon a satire on caste called Agaval, which he is said to have written in consequence of the other Brahmans in the place having refused to allow him the privilege of wearing the triple cord, on account of bis meanness of extraction by the mother's side. He was present at the university of Madura when his brother Tiruvaluvar recited his Kural before the professors, and there is still ex. tant a verse which he ejaculated on that occasion.

(To be Continued.)

The Oberland Route,

BY THE REVD. J. G. MACVICAR

(Continued.)

FRENCH SCENERY.

France, when compared with the countries which lie around it, is very defective in fine scenery. In Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Italy almost every days journey Brings with it some beutiful landscape; but in France one may travel hundreds of miles without seeing even one worth the looking at. Wearisome undulations of land generally of a dirty grey colour,-lines of poplar trees,-tame ivers with old willow trees on their banks interspersed with the amphibious plantations of the basket maker,---vines cut down every year to the roots and trained upon strong stakes which are all that is seen of the vineyard for more than half the year,---roads running in a strait line for inany miles, with causeways in the middle and deep upsetting mud on the sides, untidy post houses and auberges,--brick and clay houses, and towns which every where look as if decaying and half deserted; are the too frequent elements of French scenery.

But the Rhone from Lyons to Avignon (and this is in the tract of the overland traveller) forms an illustrious exception to this unsatisfactory state of things. It displays at almost every turn as beautiful scenery as is to be seen any where. And most pleasing it is to be borne onwards by that noble river, while it pours its flood of waters towards the Mediterranean. It wends its sweeping course through vine-clad hills now terraced, now conical and now precipitous, the mountains of Dauphiny while bounding the horizon with their wild and jagged, and as if recently upheaved heads. The villages and towns on the banks of the river and the bridges which cross it, are also in most cases pleasingly situated, and in some they are singularly picturesque and beautiful. But of them all, Avignon is best deserving of notice. It is a deeply interesting place, and every traveller should arrange so as to spend a day there. The first hour in Avignon is indeed one of singular annoyance. Though the whole population does not amount to 30,000 yet so scarce is work, that nearly a hundred are licensed as porters to carry from the quay into the town the luggage of those who land from the river. The consequence is that the moment one arrives, the steamer is furiously boarded by these idle fellows, and each piece of luggage however trivial is seized by one of them as his share. And he makes off with it. And thus by the time the traveller is on shore, he finds bimself surrounded by a retinue of men, one feigning to groan under a hat-box, another seeming much oppressed by a dressing case, another keeping behind backs with a cloak for his share, while a fourth nobly bears over his crisped moustaches a ponderous bullock trunk. And let the traveller be as angry as he pleases, let him bestow a good half hour indignantly spitting bad French at the whole of them, nay let རྗ་

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him succeed in rescuing all his luggage and in getting it on the back of one, he finds as his only consolation, on his arrival at his Hotel that he has just as much to pay as if he had let the whole regiment come along with him at once. As usual the regulationtariff is ambigious; and the travellei minst pay. But once fairly housed (and both Hotels are very good) Avignon is a most instructive place to spend a day in. Not but on a general view it is like most other French towns, dirty, dull and dilapitated, but it every where bears the impress of former greatness, and of a name in history. Around the city on all hands are lofty walls, bastions and embrazures, and within, besides other buildings of interest, are a cathedral, a palace and a prison, all which have so much the air of the strong-holds of the Popedom as it now ists, that in Avignon one feels as if he were already in the Ro man states. The time-worn palace with its rock-sustained walls high reated before a single opening or break of any kind relieve, the dead wail-and that break which meets the eye at last, not a window to let in the cheerful light on the peaceful occupant, but a spout hole for pouring down melted lead on people below---the dungeon-like aspect of the chambers,---the narrow spiral stairs,---the stone mortices for bolts and bars,---the peep-holes with their iron gratings in every door, and the low suspicious aspect of all the surrounding houses,---every object in short points to some former day when a power reigned in Avignon whose trust was in its authority, and whose leading features were cowardice and cruelty,--and such was the Popedom when Avignon was the seat of the Holy see though not when there only.

But let us go to the Cathedral and let us walk in. Never mind the sacristan who presents himself as if he had a right to keep you out till you employ him. The door of a Cathedral ought to be always open; and the valet de place whom you have with you from the Hotel knows all that the sacristan knows, and will telf you more then is worth the listening to. And here let me insinnate, that you need not care for the tombs of the Popes to which he will conduct you, nor yet for the sculptures whose praises he will enlarge on. But the building itself is highly interesting. Its various parts are monuments of all the most remarkable epochs in the history of France. The portico was once a part of a temple of Hercules when Avignon bore the name Avenio and was a heathen town of the ancient Romans. Much of the interior dates from Constantine. A beautiful balustrade which surrounds the nave above the arches was built by Louis le grand while the most modern parts owe their existence to the epoch of the charte and of Louis Phillippe. And certainly it is most inter esting to see a single building which presents to the eye at one moment, works done in epochs so distant from each other and all so important. How easy would it be to write pages on such a theme! But let us not dwell on it, since all that is proposed in these pages are a few travelling sketches of the lightest kind. Instead of remaining among the nation-monuments below, therefore, let

as ascend the stair of the tower and get upon the top and look around. And such is the amphitheatre, that in a moment all the painful feelings which the sight of the prison---like palace awoke, all the solemn feelings which the Cathedral inspired, in a word every other recollection and feeling will vanish before the loveliness which reposes in the landscape before you. Around Avignon lies the most beautiful panorama which fancy can picture. A plain so extensive that it is bounded by the wooded mountains which lie around just where the dimness of distance makes the eye long for mountains and forests to rest upon, and here and there stretching in among the mountains and vanishing in their embraces-the (serpentine waters of two noble rivers, the Rhone and the Durance glittering through it-several fine bridgesbeautiful meadows covered with the richest verdure and regularly planted with mulberry trees-and hills of varied forms terraced with vineyards and topped by ruined towers-such are the beautiful objects which fill the eye on all hands as it wanders around and looks down from the top of the Cathedral tower of Avignon. It is altogether a place and scene for the most pleasing poetic feeling-Nor is the poetry of the spectator hurt on this occasion by a valet de place as is usual when your cicerone comes up and pointing with his finger towards the east, says earnestly Do you see that mountain whose shoulder rests upon the plain and the valley between it and the mountain beyond; and do you see a chasm on the side of the mountain whose base is dark and concealed ?"--to all which being answered in the affirmative, he adds "there lies the fountain of Vauclause---Nor is the emotion of the English traveller lessened even when he turns from the scene of Petrach's rime sparse in praise of Laura in life and death, and his still more admirable sestine, and looking to the utmost verge of the horizon observes in the distance, yet distinctly visible, the lofty summits of the snowy Alps.

But now let the traveller descend else the valet de-place if he touch on the city which lies beneath will point to spots where such deeds were perpetrated in the olden time as will dissipate all the charm of the panorama and make the blood run cold.

ITALY,

But enough of France-and since we cannot do better let us, as fast as possible, get on board a steamer which touches at Civita Vecchia so as to make Rome, as we have made Paris, one of those resting places which the traveller requires if he is to travel instructively as well as fast-At Marseilles a choice of boats may be had, English, French, Sardinian, Tuscan, Neapolitan. Bad is the best indeed compared with those which now ply from Falmouth to Alexandria; but any of them is good enough for an enterprising traveller. The French government boats have had the chief run hitherto by parties coming overland; and till now, all things considered, they were the best. Not but that some of them are very disappointing, and in some states of the weather scarcely capable of going a-head at all; but they call in passing, not only at Malta, but at several ports Italy and Greece also which is certainly a great recommendation.

It is to be regretted however that as matters stand there is no easy way of seeing Genoa. It is a beautifully situated and noble Italian town; and for marble palaces and Vandykes, and a colossal statue (of Andria Doria) standing up among the houses, it has no where its equal. Its churches are also magnificent; and one of them is curious for this, that over the galleries of which there are ten, all the commandments are emblazed except the second-The consequence is that nothing is seen to forbid those graven images" which stand around, and that "falling down and worshipping of them" in which (in the eyes of the simple observer, at least,) every worshipper appears to indulge-But what has become of the second? Why by that "cunning" for which the church of Rome is so remarkable, the commandments were so arranged that the second fell behind the organ which occupies one of the galleries referred to. The steamer touches at Leghorn; and by evening one may if he pleases be at Florence, ascending at a killing rate (The Tuscan drive so furiously that a horse generally lasts them only two or three years) the most beautiful valley of the Arno with its well cultivated fields, its vineyards, gardens, unbrageous trees, clean villages and cheerful cottages, meeting meanwhile many a noblelooking Tuscan whose aspect speaks of good spirits and good government. But better in the first instance, at least, to be content with seeing what is to be seen at Tuscany around Leghorn, and coming on board again, after twelve hours more, land in the Roman states at Civita Vecchia, the port nearest to Rome. And here the scene is very different.

On nearing the Roman States at Civita had not the traveller already seen the barrenness and desolation which reign round Marseilles he would certainly be tempted to infer that the Roman states lay under some singular curse. Not a tree within the whole compass of the horizon. Thorns and thistles and stinted shrubs-stony hillsdeserted farm houses-and square buildings along the coast which, whether they were watch towers or places of retreat or what they were one cannot say such are the elements of the scenery ound Civita Vecchia. And the town itself is altogether on keeping with this beggarly account.

Though the sea-port of Rome it is a poor place; remarkable for nothing but a fine harbour and a strong prison. The traveller soon finds to his cost however that it has also a police office and a custom house. And woe be to him, if he have in his luggage any books or philosophical instruments or any of these things which used to be looked upon as savouring of the black art-In certain Romish universities in Spain they still teach (or at least before the revolution they did teach) the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, giving out in defiance of all modern discoveries, and just as was done in the middle ages, that the sun is the centre of the universe. And though there are now very enlightened professers in Rome to make the clergy knowing, yet at Civita Vecchia it seems as if the Roman Government were afraid of nothing so much as the entrance. of light by any side window-" Non posso passare la literatura,-Non

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