into Long Island sound. It is from 80 to 100 rods wide, 130 miles from its mouth. It is navigable to Hartford, upward of fifty miles from the sea; and the produce of the country, for 200 miles further, is brought down in boats.

The Housatonic rises in Berkshire county, in Masssachusetts. Passing through a number of pleasant towns, it empties into the sound, between Stratford and Milford. It is navigable twelve miles, to Derby..

Naugatuc is a small river, emptying into the Housatonic at Derby.

The Thames enters into Long Island Sound, at New London. It is navigable fourteen miles to Norwich Landing, where it loses its name, and branches into Shetucket, on the east, and Norwich, or Little river, on the west. Little River, about a mile from its mouth, has a remarkable and very romantic cataract. A rock, 10 or 12 feet in perpendicular height, extends quite across the channel of the river. Over this, the whole river pitches, in one entire sheet, upon a bed of rocks below. On this river, are some of the finest mill seats in New-England, and those immediately below the falls, occupied by Lathrop's mills,, are, perhaps, not exceeded by any in the world. Across the mouth of this river, is a broad commodious, bridge, in the form of a wharf, built at a great expense.

Shetucket river, the other branch of the Thames, four miles from its mouth, receives Quinnabaug, which has its source in Brimfield, in Massachusetts. Shetucket river is formed by the junction of Willamantic and Mount Hope rivers, which unite between Windham and Lebanon, These rivers are fed by numberless brooks from every part of the country. At the mouth of the Shetucket, is a bridge of timber, 124 feet in length, supported at each end by pillars, and held up in the middle by braces on the top, in the manner of an arch.

Paukatuk river is an inconsiderable stream, which empties into Stonington harbor. It forms part of the dividing line between Connecticut and Rhode Island.

It

Soil and Productions. The soil of Connecticut, though thin and barren in some parts, is generally productive. affords excellent pastures and meadows. Actual calculation has evinced that any given quantity of the best mowing land in Connecticut, produces twice as much clear prof

it, as the same quantity of the best wheat land in NewYork. The principal productions of Connecticut are Indian corn, rye, wheat, in many parts of the state, oats and barley, which are heavy and good, and, of late, buck wheat; flax in large quantities, some hemp, potatoes of several kinds, pumpkins, turnips, peas, beans, and fruits of every kind that are common to the climate.

Mines and Fossils. On the banks of Connecticut river, near Middleton, is a lead mine; and there has lately been discovered one of coal. Copper mines have been opened in several parts of the state; iron ore also abounds in many places. Talcs of various kinds, white, brown, and chocolate colored crystals, zinc, or spelter, and several fossils and metals are found in Connecticut.

Mineral Waters. The medicinal springs at Litchfield and Suffield have been much frequented. But the most important ones in Connecticut, are those at Stafford. They are four in number, strongly impregnated with sulphur and iron. They are much celebrated, and have proved beneficial in curing or relieving various complaints. The prospects in the vicinity of these springs, are strikingly picturesque; and exhibit to the enthusiastic admirers of nature, in her rude and unattired form, a scene peculiarly interesting.

Manufactures. The farmers in Connecticut, and their families, are mostly clothed in plain, homespun cloth. Their linens and woollens, though generally of a coarser kind, are of a stronger texture, and more durable than those imported from France and Great Britain. Many of their cloths are fine and handsome.

In New-Haven, are cotton and button manufactories. In Hartford, is a woollen manufactory, a snuff and powder mill, glass works, iron works, and a slitting mill. Iron works are also established in many other parts of the state. At Stafford is a furnace, at which are made large quantities of hollow ware, and other ironmongery, sufficient to supply the whole state. Paper, hats, candles, leather, shoes, and boots, are the other considerable manufactures. Trade. The trade of Connecticut is chiefly with the West-India islands, and is carried on in vessels from sixty to a hundred and forty tons. The exports consist of horses, mules, oxen, oak staves, hoops pine boards, oak plank, beans, Indian corn, fish, beef, pork, &c. Connecticut has

a large number of coasting vessels employed in carrying the produce of the state to the other states. To Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, they carry pork, wheat, corn, and rye. To North and South-Carolina, and Georgia, butter, cheese, salted beef, cider, apples, potatoes, hay, &c. and receive in return, rice, indigo and money. Much of the produce of Connecticut, especially the western parts, is carried to New-York; particularly pot and pearl ashes, flax seed, beef, pork, cheese, and butter. Considerable quantities of the produce of the eastern parts of the state are sold at Boston and Providence. The state owns and employs in the foreign and coasting trade 32,867 tons of shipping.

Bridges and Reads. On the great road from New Lon don to New-York, are the three most considerable bridges in this state. The first attempt to improve the roads by establishing turnpikes, was made in 1791, on the road leading from Norwich to New-London; since which, a great number of others have been completed, which are evidence of the flourishing circumstances and enterprising spirit of the inhabitants.

Education and Literature. In no part of the world is the education of all ranks of people more attended to than in Connecticut. Every town in the state is divided into districts, and each district has a public school kept in it, part of every year. Somewhat more than one third of the monies arising from a tax on the polls and rateable estate of the inhabitants, amounting to 12,000 dollars annually, is appropriated to the support of schools in the several towns, for the education of children and youth. This state besides, has a fund arising from the sale of western lands, amounting to 1,201,065 dollars, the income of which, viz. 72,000 dollars a year, is by law forever appro priated to the same purpose; making in all 84,000 dollars The law directs that a grammar school shall be kept in every county town throughout the state.

Academies have been established at Greenfield, Plainfield, Canterbury, Norwich, Windham, Pomfret, Litchfield, and Colchester; the last has a large fund, and many

students.

Yale college, in New-Haven, was established in 1701. It has three large buildings, 100 feet by 40; a college

chapel 50 feet by 40, with a steeple; the Connecticut Lyceum, in which are the library, philosophical and chymical apparatus, museum, and chambers and lecture rooms for the professors; an edifice, containing a kitchen and a dining hall; and a house for the president.

The public library consists of about 2500 volumes; the philosophical apparatus contains the machines necessary for exhibiting experiments in the whole course of experimental philosophy and astronomy.

The present officers and instructers of the college are a President, who is also a Professor of Divinity; a Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, a Professor of Law, a Professor of Chymistry and natural History, a Professor of Languages and Ecclesiastical History, and five tutors. The students are divided into four classes. Their number, in 1810, was 255. In 1812, 305. funds of this college received a very liberal addition, by a grant of the General Assembly, in 1792.

The

Cities and Towns. HARTFORD city is situated at the head of navigation on the west side of Connecticut river, about fifty miles from its entrance into the sound. Its buildings are a statehouse, two churches for Congregationalists, one for Episcopalians, one for Baptists, and about 500 dwelling houses, a number of which are handsomely built of brick. The town is divided by a small river, with high and romantic banks, over which is a bridge. Hartford is advantageously situated for trade, enters largely into the manufacturing business, and is a rich, flourishing, and commercial town. The general assembly of the state holds its session here in May annually. A bank is established in this city.

NEW-HAVEN city lies round the head of a bay, which makes up about four miles north of the Sound. It covers part of a large plain, which is circumscribed on three sides by high hills or mountains. Two small rivers bound the city east and west. Near the centre of New-Haven is the public square; on and round which, are a state-house, the college edifices, six in number, viz. 3 colleges, a chapel, Lyceum, and dining hall; three churches for Congregationalists, and one for Episcopalians. This city contains about 600 dwelling houses. A session of the general assembly is held here in October annually.

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NEW-LONDON city stands on the west side of the river Thames, near its entrance into the Sound. It has two houses for public worship, one for Episcopalians and one for Congregationalists; 5150 inhabitants. Its harbor is the best in Connecticut. A considerable part of the city was burnt by the infamous Benedict Arnold, in 1781, but has since been rebuilt.

NORWICH city stands at the head of Thames river, fourteen miles north from New-London. It is a commercial city, has a rich and extensive back country, and avails itself of its natural advantages. The inhabitants manufacture paper of all kinds, stockings, clocks and watches, chaises, buttons, stone and earthen ware, wire, oil, chocolate, bells, anchors, and all kinds of forge work. The city contains a court-house, two churches for Congregationalists, and one for Episcopalians, and about 3476 inhabitants. The courts of law, for the county of NewLondon, are held alternately at New-London and Norwich.

MIDDLETON City is pleasantly situated on the western bank of Connecticut river, fifteen miles south of Hartford. It is the principal town in Middlesex county; has 4900 inhabitants, a court-house, a naval office, one church for Congregationalists, and one for Episcopalians.

Four miles south of Hartford, is Weathersfield, a very pleasant town of between two and three hundred houses, situated on a fine soil, with a brick church for Congregationalists. This town is noted for raising onions.

Windsor, Farmington, Litchfield, Milford, Stratford, Fairfield, Guilford, Stamford, Windham, Suffield, and Enfield are all considerable and pleasant towns.

NEW-YORK.

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Situation and Extent. THE state of New-York compre. hends all the territories lying between 40 40 and 45° north latitude, and between 73 and 79 55 W. longitude, greatest length is 340 miles, its greatest breadth 300; number of square miles 45,000.