the arch is about five feet from the bottom of the cave;. the sides not more than two and a haif. The mouth of the cave is small; the bottom is a loose sand; and the arch is formed in a soft rock, through the pores of which the moisture is slowly cxudated, and falls in drops on the sand below.

DELAWARE.

Situation and Extent. THIS state derived its name from Lord De la War, who was among the first settlers of Virginia. It includes the territory formerly denominated the Three Lower Counties, annexed to Pennsylvania, lying between lon. 74° 56′, and 75° 40′ W. and between 38° 30 and 39° 50′ north latitude. It is the smallest state in the Union, except Rhode-Island, being but 96 miles long, and on an average 24 broad.

Boundaries. Delaware is bouned east by Delaware river and bay, and the Atlantic ocean; south and west by Maryand; north by Pennsylvania.

Divisions and Population. This state is divided into 3 Counties and 25 townships.

Faec of the Country. The state of Delaware, the upper parts of the county of Newcastle excepted, is generally extremely low and level. Large quantities of stagnant water at particular seasons of the year, overspreading a great proportion of the land, and rendering it injurious to the health of the inhabitants.

Rivers and Creeks. The eastern side of the state is indented with a large number of creeks or small rivers, which generally have a short course, soft banks, numerous shoals, and are skirted with pery extensive marshes, and empty

into the river and bay of Delaware. In the southern and western parts of the state, spring the head waters of Pocomoke, Wicomico, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, Sassafras, and Bohemia rivers, all falling into Chesapeak bay, and some of them are navigable 20 or 30 miles into the country, for vessels of 50 or 60 tons.

Soil and Productions. Delaware is chiefly an agricul tural state. It includes a very fertile tract of country; and scarcely any part of the Union can be selected better adapted to the different purposes of agriculture, or in which a greater variety of the most useful productions can be so conveniently and plentifully reared.

Wheat is the staple commodity of this state. It grows here in such perfection, as not only to be particularly sought by the manufacturers of flour throughout the U nion, but also to be distinguished and preferred, for its superior qualities, in foreign markets. This wheat posseses an uncommon softness and whiteness, very favorable to the manufacture of superfine flour, and in other respects, far exceeds the hard and flinty grain raised, generally, on the high lands. Besides wheat, this state produces plentiful crops of Indian corn, barley, rye, oats, flax, buckwheat, and potatoes. It abounds in natural and artificial meadows, containing a large variety of grasses. Hemp, cotton, and silk, if attended to, flourish very well.

Minerals. Among the branches of the Nanticoke river, are large quantities of bog iron ore, of an excellent quali ty, and peculiarly adapted to the purposes of casting.

Trade and Manufactures. We have already mentioned wheat as the staple commodity of this state. This is manufactured into flour, and exported in large quantities. The exports are principally from the port of Wilmington. The manufacture of flour is carried to a higher degree of perfection in this state than in any other in the Union. There are well constructed mills on Red Clay and White Clay creeks, and other streams in different parts of the state, and a celebrated collection of mills at Brandywine, all of superior dimensions and excellent construction. These mills are three miles from the mouth of the creek on which they stand, half a mile from Wilmington, and twenty-seven from Philadelphia, on the post road from the eastern to the southern states. They are called Brandywine mills, from the stream on which they are erected

The quantity of wheat manufactured in these mills annually is estimated at 100,000 bushels. They give employ ment to about 200 persons.

Besides the wheat and flour trade, this state exports lumber, Indian corn, barley, oats, flax-seed, salted provis ions, paper, slit iron, snuff, &c.

Public Improvements. A bridge and causeway, extending about a quarter of a mile from Lewes to the beach, over a wide creek and marsh, has lately been built at the expense of individuals. Canals are making in several parts of the state. The lighthouse, near Lewes, is a fine stone structure, 8 stories high.

Literature. There is no college in this state. At Wilmington and Newark academies are established. The legislature have provided a fund for the support of schools throughout the state.

Chief Towns. DOVER, in the county of Kent, is the seat of government. It stands on Jones's creek, a few miles from Delaware river, containing about 100 houses, prins cipally of brick. The town has a lively appearance, and drives on a considerable trade with Philadelphia. Wheat is the principal article of export. The landing is five or six miles from the town of Dover.

NEWCASTLE is thirty five miles below Philadelphia on the west bank of the Delaware river. It was first settled by the Swedes, about 1627. It was formerly the seat of government, and contains about 60 houses, which wear the aspect of decay.

WILMINGTON, a mile and a half west of Delaware rive er, on Christiana creek, 28 miles southward from Philadelphia, is the largest and most pleasant town in the state, containing upwards of 400 houses, handsomely built upon a gentle ascent of an eminence, and show to great advan-tage in sailing up the Delaware. It contains about 2400 inhabitants.

MILFORD is at the source of a small river, fifteen miles from Delaware bay, and 150 southward of Philadelphia.

DUCK CREEK CROSS ROADS is twelve miles northwest from Dover, and has 80 or 90 houses, which stand on one street. It carries on a considerable trade with Philadel phia, and is one of the largest wheat markets in the state.

LEWISTOWN is situated a few miles above the light house on Cape Henlopen, containing abour 150 houses,

built chiefly on one street, which is three miles long, extending along the creek, which separates the town from the pitch of the cape.

GEORGETOWN, fifteen miles west of Lewistown, is the seat of justice for Sussex county.

CHRISTIANABRIDGE, is situated on a navigable creek of its name; it was settled by the Swedes, in 1640, and thus called after their queen.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Situation and Extent. THIS state received its name from William Penn, to whom it was granted by Charles II. in 1681. It is situated between 39° 43′ and 42° north latitude, and between 20' east, and 5° west longitude; 228 miles long, and 156 broad. The northwest corner of the state, containing 202,000 acres, was purchased of Congress by the legislature of the state. Except this purchase, the state lies in the form of a parallelogram. It contains 44,900 square miles.

Boundaries. Pennsylvania is bounded east by Delaware river which separates it from New-Jersey; north by NewYork, and Lake Erie; northwest by a part of Lake Erie; west by the state of Ohio, and a part of Virginia; south by Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.

Divisions and Population. Pennsylvania is divided into the following 43 counties, viz.

These counties contain 644 townships, not created by any special law of the legislature, but by the judges of the courts of common pleas, on application of a sufficient number of the inhabitants in any neighborhood.

This state contained in 1800, 602,545 inhabitants ;'increase in 10 years, 207,793. The inhabitants are principally descendants of English, Irish, and Germans. There are a few of Scotch, Welch, Swedish, and Dutch extraction. It is supposed that one fourth of the whole population are descendants from Germans.

Rivers. The river Delaware mentioned in the description of New-York, forms the eastern boundary of this state.

Schuylkill river rises northwest of the Kittatinny mountains, through which it passes. After a course of 120 miles in a southern direction, it falls into the Delaware, seven miles below Philadelphia.

Susquehanna river runs in such a serpentine course, as to cross the boundary line, between New-York and Pennsylvania, three times. After receiving numerous tributary streams, it falls into the head of Chesapeak bay. `It is more than a mile wide at its mouth, and navigable only twenty miles, navigation being obstructed by rapids.

The Swetara, which falls into the Susquehanna from the northeast, is navigable fifteen miles.

The several branches of Youghiogheny river rise on the west side of the Allegany mountains. They unite, and form a large beautiful river. After a course of thirty or forty miles, it unites with Monongahela, which comes from the southward. These united streams, soon after their junction, mingle with the Allegany at Pittsburg, and, together, form the river Ohio.

The Allegany rises west of the Allegany mountains, and runs 200 miles before its junction with the Monongăhela, at Pittsburg.