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ful; he excelled no less as a poet and legislator, than as a warrior. He was one of the infidel band of philosophists; and contributed, with Voltaire and others, to corrupt the literature and the religion of Europe. The late king, Frederick IV. succeeded his uncle in 1786, died 1797, and was succeeded by Frederick William II. the present king.

GERMANY.

GERMANY is subdivided into many states, and its geography more perplexed than that of any other nation on the globe. It lies chiefly between the 46th and 54th degrees north latitude; bounded west by the Rhine and Holland; north by Denmark and the Baltic; east by the Austrian dominions; south by Italy and Switzerland. Its length, from the Baltic north to the Mediterranean south, is 600 miles; its breadth, from the Rhine west to Silesia east, is about 500. Since the confederation of the Rhine, the resignation of the emperor, in 1806, of his title of Emperor of Germany, the erection of the kingdom of Westphalia, and other changes, this country has been in a broken and uncertain state.

Political Divisions. Germany was formerly divided into ten circles; but the seventeen provinces, which constituted the circle of Burgundy, having been long detached from the empire, the division in 1806 was that of nine circles, which were Upper Saxony, Upper Rhine, Austria, Lower Saxony, Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Westphalia, Franconia, Suabia. Other changes have since been made.

Rivers and Lakes. At the head of German rivers stands the Danube or Donaw, so called from the swiftness of the current. It rises in Suabia; and, from Vienna to Belgrade in Hungary, it is so broad, that in the wars between the Turks and Christians, ships of war have been engaged on it. It contains a vast number of cataracts and whirlpools; its stream is rapid, and its course, without reckoning turnings and windings, is computed to be 1620 miles.

The Drave and liess are noble branches of the Danube. The Inn, another branch, rises in the east of Switzerland, and has a course of about 250 miles.

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The Elbe rises in the Sudetic mountains of Silesia, and enters the sea near Cuxhaven, after a course of more than 500 miles. It is navigable for ships, in high tides, to Hamburg. Not far to the west is the mouth of the Weser. The inundations of this stream are terrible; the towns and villages on its banks become islands.

The Rhine is a noble river, having a course of about six hundred miles; the Necker and Maine are its generous tributary streams.

The chief lakes of Germany are those of Constance and Bregentz; the Chiemsee, or the lake of Bavaria; and the Zirtchnitzer sea, in the dutchy of Carniola, whose waters often run off and return again in an extraordinary manner. Germany contains large noxious bodies of standing water, which are next to pestilential, and afflict the neighboring natives with many deplorable disorders.

Government. The political constitution of Germany is more intricate than that of any other European country. The territory is divided into a vast number of independ ent sovereignties, extremely disproportionate in extent and consequence, but all united into a kind of federal republic, having for its head an elective emperor. The great diet of the empire is composed of delegates from all the independent states.

Principal States. We shall briefly notice the principal states of Germany, and their chief cities.

BRANDENBURG contains 84 cities, 19 market towns, about 1917 royal and noble villages, 2027 ancient villages, 1971 Lutheran churches, and 80 Calvinistical churches. The population of Brandenburg amounts to 755,577 souls. The religion of the country is Lutheran; but the king of Prussia, who is also elector of Brandenburg, and those of his court, are Calvinists. The Roman Catholics are tol erated; and every inhabitant enjoys liberty of conscience. There is an university at Frankfort on the Oder, and an academy of sciences at Berlin.

BERLIN, on the river Sprey, is the royal residence, and contains 156,000 inhabitants. It is chiefly remarkable for

the elegance of its buildings.

BRANDENBURG is but a small city, containing only 10,300 inhabitants. FRANKFORT, on the Oder, has 10,300; and POTSDAM, which is frequently the royal residence, 18,000,

SILESIA. To the king of Prussia belongs also the dutchy of Silesia, 274 miles long, and 100 broad.

The principal rivers are the Öder, Vistula, Neisse, Bober, Queis, Oppa and Else. A long chain of mountains separates Silesia from Bohemia; the highest mountain, called Zotenburg, is in the principality of Schweidnitz, and is 104 miles in circumference. The principal manufacture is linen cloth; there are some woolen manufactures, and glass houses. Silesia is divided into the Upper and Lower; in the Upper, the inhabitants are generally Roman Catholics, speaking the Polish language. Between this country and the United States, a considerable trade is carried on, by the way of Hamburg. In the Lower, they are almost all protestants, and speak their mother tongue.. It is also divided into 17 small duchies, and 7 free states, exclusive of the county of Glatz. In Silesia there are 42,000 infantry, and 10,000 cavalry. The greatest part of this country was ceded to the king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslaw. Silesia surrendered to France, by capitulation, on the 15th of June, 1807. BRESLAW, the capital, contains 63,000 inhabitants.

SAXONY proper, or the electorate of Saxony, in the circle of Upper Saxony, is 75 miles long, and 60 broad. It is a very fertile and commercial country abounding in mines. It is cut into two unequal parts by the river Elbe, and has three civil divisions, viz. the dutchy of Saxony, of which WIRTEMBERG is the capital; Lusatia, of which BAUTZEN is the capital; and Misnia, the capital of which, and of the whole electorate, is DRESDEN, at the conflux of the Elbe and Weserritz. Dresden contains 2644 houses, and 49,000 inhabitants. Its chief manufactures are serges, shalloons, stockings, linen, silk, glass, and porcelain. HANOVER. The electorate of Hanover comprehends> the dutchies of Zell, Saxe, Lauenburg, Bremen, Lune-burg, the principalities of Calenburg, Verden-Grubenhagen, Diepholz, Hoya, Oberwald, &c. The inhabitants are: computed at 850,000. In 1805, this electorate was con-quered by France, and exchanged with Prussia for three: of her provinces. In 1807, it was annexed to the new kingdom of Westphalia. The capital city is HANOVER, on the river Leine, and has 21,560 inhabitants. BAVARIA. The dutchy or electorate of Bavaria

comprehends the greater part of the circle, and is divided into Upper and Lower Bavaria, and the Upper Palatinate. The length is about 150 miles, the breadth 120. Upper Bavaria is for the most part mountainous, cold and barren, producing little corn, and less wine; but it is covered with forests, interspersed with large and small lakes, and abounds in cattle,wild fowl, game, baths, medicinal springs, and salt works. It is also enriched with mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron. Lower Bavaria being much more level, is more fertile, and produces plenty of grain, pasturage and fruit. The chief rivers of this dutchy are the Danube, Iser, Inn, Leck, Nab, Atmuhl, and the Regen.

The established religion of Bavaria is the Roman Catholic. The number of inhabitants in this dutchy is estimat ed by Hoeck at 1,339,900, and the regular military force at 12,000. The principal manufactures of the country are those of coarse woollen cloth, silk and woollen stuffs, velvet, tapestry, stockings, clocks and watches. The principal exports are wheat, cattle, wood, salt, and iron. The Bavarians are little distinguished in literature; but are a vigorous race, adapted to the fatigues of war. They have an university at Ingolstadt, and an academy of sciences at Munich.

WIRTEMBERG is a dutchy in the circle of Suabia. It is one of the most populous and fertile states of Ger many, though there are many mountains and woods. It contains mines and salt springs. STUTGARD, near the Necker, is the capital. It is the seat of an universiry, and an academy of sciences; and has 22,680 inhabitants.

BADEN, a margravate of Suabia, is divided into the Upper and the Lower. It is a populous and fertile country, abounding with corn, hemp, flax, beeswax, wood, and wine, and contains 200,000 inhabitants. The annual revenue is estimated at 1,200,000 florins; and the military establishment consists of 3000 men, of whom 300 are cavalry.

BADEN is the capital, with a castle on the top of a mountain, where the prince often resides. It has 2400 inhabitants.

HESSE-CASSEL, a principality in the circle of Upper Rhine, is 80 miles long; the breadth unequal. The air is wholesome; the soil fertile in corn and pastures,

which feed multitudes of cattle; the sides of the hills are covered with vines; game, fish, fruit, and honey abound. The principal rivers are the Rhine and the Maine. The annual revenue of Hesse-Cassel is estimated at about 1,200,000 rix dollars. This state now makes a part of the new kingdom of Westphalia, established by Bonaparte, August 18, 1807.

MECKLENBURG is a dutchy in the circle of Lower Saxony, abounding in corn, pastures, and game. It is 120 miles long, and 60 broad; containing 300,000 inhabitants. SCHWERIN and NEW STRELITZ are the chief cities; the former has 9800 inhabitants.

BRUNSWICK, DUTCHY, is a district of Lower Saxony. The territory of the duke of Brunswick, commonly called the principality of Wolfenbuttle, from a less important town than Brunswick, includes 1472 square miles, and 170,000, or as some say, 185,000, inhabitants. It is fertile in corn and pastures, and abounds with mines and game ; it has also several medicinal springs, and extensive forests.

BRUNSWICK, the capital, is the residence of the prince, and has 31,700 inhabitants. It was once one of the Hans towns, and governed as a republic.

BRISGAW is a territory of Suabia, on the east of the Rhine. One part belongs to the house of Austria, of which FRIBURG is the capital, and has 8700 inhabitants; and the other to the house of Baden.

NASSAU is a county of the circle of Upper Rhine, very fertile, abounding in mines. It has 272,000 inhabit ants. NASSAU, on the river Lahn, is the capital.

POMERANIA, a dutchy of Upper Saxony, is a strip of land lying on the borders of the Baltic; 60 geographical miles in length, 13 in breadth. It is a flat country, but has some few mountains; the highest of which is the Choltenberg, between Coslin and Zanow. In some places part of the soil is sandy, but in general it is rich and fertile. The trees are very fine, especially the oaks. This country is famous for a breed of excellent geese of a very large size. Pomerania contains 68 towns, and about 46,000 souls. Several of these towns have large manufactories. Pomerania is divided into Anterior and Ulterior. That part of Anterior Pomerania, which belongs to Sweden is

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