ciency of horned cattle, and large numbers of sheep. The air is temperate and pure.

GALICIA is a large country in the south of Poland, embracing that part of Little Poland on the south side of the Vistula, almost the whole of Red Russia, and a slip of Podolia. It was forcibly seized by the Austrians in 1772, and incorporated into the Austrian dominions, under the appellation of the kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomiria. The population of Galicia and Lodomiria is 2,580,796. The mountainous parcs produce fine pastures; the plains are mostly sandy, but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey; and these countries contain mines of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latter are the most valuable. LEMBURG, or LEOPOLD, is the capital of the whole country, which extends 380 miles from east to west; its greatest breadth being 190 miles.

GREAT-BRITAIN.

THE British empire consists of two large islands, GREAT-BRITAIN and IRELAND, and a great number of small ones, all situated in the North-Atlantic ocean, between 50 and 61 degrees of north latitude, and between 64 and 77 degrees east longitude. These islands formerly constituted the three separate and independent kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, but are now united under one sovereign, and one form of government.

-Great-Britain is the most considerable island of Europe, comprehending the two ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Its length from Lizard Point, in 50°, to Dungsby-Head, 58° 30′ N. lat. is 590 miles; its breadth is about 488 miles. It is separated from Germany, on the east, by that pant of the Atlantic called the German ocean; the British channel separates it from France on the south; and on the west it is divid ed from Ireland by the Irish sea.

ENGLAND.

THE principal division of the British empire is bounded north by Scotland, east by the German ocean, south by the English channel, west by the Atlantic ocean, Wales, and the Irish sea. It is divided into 40 counties, and contains two archbishops, and 24 bishops, who are peers of the realm, appointed by the king.

Climate, Soil, and Productions. The climate is healthy, though frequent and sudden changes happen in the weather, which render the harvest precarious; yet rarely does the industrious busbandman fail of being rewarded by a profitable crop. The soil of England differs in different counties; wheat, barley, oats, rye, French wheat, beans, and peas, are the principal productions. Apples, pears, plumbs, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, figs, grapes, and other fruits, are, by the skill of the English gardeners, raised in the greatest plenty and variety.

Lakes and Bays. The lakes of England are few in number, and inconsiderable in extent. Various bays, creeks, and inlets of the sea are formed all round the coast.

Rivers. The principal rivers of England are the Thames, Severn, Trent, Tyne, Medway, Humber, Mersey, Tamer. The Thames is navigable for large ships to London bridge. Its principal branches are the Cherwes, the Mole and the Dee. The Severn is probably the longest river of England, having a semicircular course of 150 miles.

Mountains. The mountains of England do not aspire to the sublime heights of the American mountains, or even those of other European countries. The Chevoit hills are among the principal. A central ridge of hills passes through the kingdom, froin north to south.

Mineral Waters. The waters of Bath have been celebrated for several centuries. The hot wells of Tunbridge, Buxton and Scarborough, are all esteemed highly beneficial in various diseases.

Mines. England possesses a great treasure in its inexhanstible coal mines, which are worked chiefly in the northern counties, whence the coal is conveyed by sea, and by the inland canals, to every part of the kingdom.

Copper, tin, lead, and iron are found in great abundance in Great-Britain, where there is made every year from 50 to 60,000 tons of pig iron, and from 20 to 30,000 tons of bar iron.

Manufactures and Commerce. The manufactures in England are, confessedly, with very few exceptions, superior to those of other countries. For this superiority, they are nearly equally indebted to national character, to the situation of their country, and to their excellent constitution.

The commerce of Great-Britain is immense and increasing. The privileged trading companies, of which the East-India Company is the principal, carry on the most important foreign commerce.

Population. The population of England is commonly estimated at between eight and nine millions. Hassel reckons the number at 9,443,000.

Religion. The established religion of England is the Episcopal church, of which the king is the head. All other denominations of christians and Jews are tolerated. Their clergy are numerous and respectable.

Language. The English language participates both of the Gothic and Latin, those two grand sources whence most of the European languages are derived; and unites, in some degree, the force of the one with the melody of the other.

Literature and Sciences. English literature is a vast and inviting theme. About the year 1100, it commenced a firm and steady pace. A numerous train of historians, poets, and other writers, fill the pages of biography. The grand feature of English literature is original genius, transmitted even from Roger Bacon to Shakespeare, Milton, Newton, and Locke, not to dwell on claims more minute, but equally firm. In the scientific departments, England must yield to France, except in the various branches of the mathematics. The present state of the arts in England is worthy of so opulent and refined a country, and the progress has been rapid beyond example.

Education. The education of the lower classes in England had been much neglected, before the benevolent institution of the Sunday schools. The middle and higher ranks of English spare no expense in the education of their sons, either by private tutors at home, or at boarding

schools. The most eminent public schools are those of Westminster, Eton, and Winchester; and from them have arisen some of the most distinguished ornaments of the country. The scholars in due time proceed to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, foundations of an extent and grandeur that impress veneration. Oxford has 17 colleges, and Cambridge 16.

Government. The government of Great Britain may be called a limited monarchy. It is a combination of mo- ́ narchical and popular government. The king has only the executive power; the legislative is shared by him and the parliament, or more properly by the people. The crown is hereditary; both male and female descendants are capable of succession. The king must profess the Protestant religion.

Naval and Military Power. In March, 1807, the British navy in commission consisted of 135 sail of the line; 13 ships of from 44 to 50 guns, 155 frigates, 152 sloops of war, and 182 gun brigs and smaller vessels; amounting to 627 vessels of war. The number of soldiers, sea

men, &c. is 583,000.

Revenue and Debt. The revenue of Great-Britain, in 1807, was 27,000,000/ sterling. The amount of the national debt was 603,925,7921.

Cities. LONDON, the metropolis of the British empire, is one of the largest and most opulent cities in the world, and was a considerable commercial place in the reign of Nero. In its most extensive view, as the metropolis, it consists of the City, properly so called, the city of Westminster, the borough of Southwark, and the suburbs in Middlesex and Surry. The extent of the whole is above seven miles in length; but the greatest breadth does not exceed three. The inns of court for the study of the law; the colleges, learned societies, and public seminaries; the halls of the different trading companies; the noble hospitals, and other charitable institutions; the prisons; and the public places of diversion, render this city deservedly celebrated. It is a bishop's see, sends four members to parliament, and contains 600,000 inhabitants.

LIVERPOOL is next to London in wealth and population. It has 70,000 inhabitants; and, before the abolition act, employed 132 ships in carrying slaves to the West Indies.

BRISTOL was formerly reckoned second to London in point of wealth, trade, and population; but much of its commerce has passed to Liverpool. BIRMINGHAM is noted for its vast variety of useful and ornamented articles, such as metal buttons, buckles, plated goods of all kinds, japanned and paper ware, and other hard ware manufactures. The Birmingham goods are exported to foreign countries. This city has become, according to the emphatical expression of a great orator, the toy shop of Europe. It has 60,000 inhabitants.

MANCHESTER is celebrated for its cotton manufactory. Its machinery for saving manual labor exhibits surprising ingenuity. PORTSMOUTH has a noble harbor, and here is the grand naval arsenal of England. It has lately been regularly fortified toward the land. NEWCASTLE stands on the Tyne. It is situated in the midst of those coal mines, which have for centuries supplied London and the south of England with fuel.

History. Britain was first inhabited by a tribe of Gauls. Fifty-two years before the birth of Christ, Julius Cæsar subjected them to the Roman empire. The Romans remained masters of Britain 500 years. The Picts, Scots, and Saxons, then took possession of the island.

1006,

William, duke of Normandy, obtained a complete victory over Harold, king of England, which is called the Norman conquest. In 1603, king James VI. of Scotland, who succeeded queen Elizabeth, united both kingdoms, under the name of Great-Britain. George I. of the house of Hanover, ascended the throne in 1714, and the succession has since been regular in this line. The union of Ireland with Great-Britain took place after a warm opposition, in 1800.

WALES

IS a principality in the west of England, 120 miles long, and 80 broad; it is divided into 12 counties. It is the country to which the ancient Britons fled, when Britain was invaded by the Saxons. They are now called Welch, and preserve their own language. It contains 751 parishes, 58 market towns, and 560,000 inhabitants. The air