Government. The same as that of Upper Canada. History. This country was discovered by the English in 1497, and settled by the French in 1608, who kept possession of it till 1760, when it was taken by the British, and confirmed to the crown of England by the treaty of Paris, in 1763,

ISLAND OF CAPE BRETON.

THIS Island, (or rather collection of islands, which le so contiguous that they are usually denominated but one) is annexed to, and forms a part of, the province of Lower Canada. It lies between 45° 28′ and 47° 2′north latitude, and between 13 and 15° east longitude from Philadelphia, 109 miles long, and from 20 to 84 broad. It is separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow strait, called the Gut of Canso, which is the communication between the Atlantic ocean and the gulf of St. Lawrence.

The climate here is very cold; owing, probably, in some degree, to the prodigious number of lakes, that cover half the island, and remain frozen a long time; and also to the forests, that totally intercept the rays of the sun. The effect of the sun is likewise diminished by almost perpetual clouds. The surface of the country, except in the hilly parts, has but little solidity. There are some tolerable -pastures; and it abounds in hard wood, beech, birch, maple, and fir.

On this island are about 3000 inhabitants, two thirds of whom are French Acadians.

The government of the island is in the hands of a lieutenant governor and council, who are appointed by the king.

The chief towns are Sidney and Louisburg; the former of which is the capital, and the latter has the best harbor in the island. Louisburg may be considered as the key to Canada, and the valuable fishery in its neigh borhood depends for its protection on the possession of this place.

There is a very extensive coal mine in this island, from which about 6000 chaldrons are annually taken. There is an inconsiderable trade in peltries and furs.

This island was discovered, at a very early period, by the French, and was resorted to by a few fiskermen; but was not taken formal possession of, till 1713. The Frenchkept it till 1745, when it was captured by the New-England militia, under general W. Pepperell, and confirmed to Great Britain by the treaty of 1763.

NEW-BRUNSWICK

IS bounded on the west by the province of Maine, north by Lower Canada, easterly by the gulf of St. Lawrence, southeast and south by Nova Scotia and the bay of Fundy. Till the year. 1784, it formed a part of the province of Nova-Scotia, when it was erected into a separate govern.” ment. It lies between 45 and 48 degrees north latitude, and between 7 and 12 degrees east longitude.

The number of inhabitants is about 40,000.

The coast of this province is indented with numerous bays and harbors. The principal is the bay of Fundy, between New-Brunswick and Nova Scotia, remarkable for the rise of its tide, which is sometimes more than 60 feet perpendicular height. This bay extends 50 leagues into the country. Chenigto bay is the northern extremity of Fundy bay; Passamaquoddy bay borders on, Maine. Chaleur bay is a portion of the gulf of St. Lawrence, flowing between this province on the south and Lower Canada on the north.

St. John's is the principal river in this province, falling into the bay of Fundy, after a course of nearly 350 miles. It is navigable for sloops 60 miles, and for boats 200. This noble river and its branches, water and enrich a'i large tract of excellent country, which is settled, and im proving. The forests consist of spruce, pine, hemlock, beech, birch, maple, and some ash. The pines on this river are the largest in all British America, and afford a great supply of masts for the English navy..

part

St. Croix river falls into Passamaquoddy bay, and is of the boundary between New-Brunswick and Maine. Merrimichi river falls into a bay of the same name on the northeast coast of New-Brunswick. A small distance from its estuary it divides into two branches, and runs through a fertile intervale. There is a cod and salmon fishery at the confluence of this river and the bay.

Among the lakes of this province, which are numerous, is Grand lake, near St. John's river, 30 miles long, 8 or 10 wide, and, in some places, 40 fathoms deep.

The city of St. JOHN, situated on high land, at the mouth of the river St. John, is the capital of this province. The streets are spacious and regular. It has upwards of 1000 inhabitants, and many well built houses, a handsome church, and city hall.

FREDERICTOWN, the present seat of government, is 80 miles up the river St. John, at the head of sloop naviga tion, and contains about 500 inhabitants, In the vicinity of this town, several valuable tracts of land are appropri ated for the support of a college.

NOVA-SCOTIA

LIES between 43 and 48 degrees north latitude and between 8 and 14 degrees east longitude. Except a narrow tract, which borders on New-Brunswick to the northwest, it is surrounded, on all sides, by different portions of the Atlantic ocean. It is about 300 miles long, and 154 broad.

The climate of the country is unpleasant; the atmosphere being clouded with thick fog during a great part of the year, and the weather, for four or five months being intensely cold. The soil in general is thin and barren, though not uniformly so. A great part of the country is Govered with wood.

This province is accommodated with many spacious harbors and bays. The bay of Fundy, already mentioned, washes its northwestern shore. Chebucto bay is

on the southeast, at the head of which is situated the town of Halifax. the capital of the province.

The face of the country is diversified with numerous lakes and rivers. Of the latter, that of Annapolis is the most considerable, and is navigable 15 miles for ships of 100 tons. Salmon river, which empties into Chedabucto bay, is remarkable for its fisheries.

Nova Scotia exhibits an unfavorable appearance to the eye of a stranger; but the gradual improvements in busbandry afford reasonable expectation, that it will become a flourishing colony.

Coals, lime stone, plaster of Paris, and iron ore, are dug out of the earth in Nova Scotia.

HALIFAX, the capital of this province, is delightfully situated on the west side of Chebucto bay, commodious for fishing, and has a fine harbor, 1000 houses, and 8000 inhabitants. The other towns are Annapolis on the east side of the bay of Fundy, which has one of the finest harbors in America; and Shelburne, on the south of the peninsula, built by emigrants from the United States.

The whole population of Nova-Scotia amounts to be tween 70,000 and 80,000. The great body of the people are of English origin; after which the Scotch and Irish are most numerous.

The

The exports from Great Britian to this country are chiefly articles of clothing, and rigging for ships. imports are timber, and the produce of the fisheries.

History. Notwithstanding the forbidding appearance of this country, it was here that some of the first European settlements were made. The first grant of lands in it was given by James I. to his secretary Sir William Al-` exander, from whom it had the name of Nova-Scotia, or New-Scotland. It has since frequently changed hands, from one private proprietor to another, and from the French to the English nation, alternately firmed to the English in 1713.

It was conThree hundred families were transported here in 1749 at the charge of the gov ernment who built and settled the town of Haitax.

H

ISLAND OF ST. JOHN.

THIS island lies in the gulf of St. Lawrence, near the northern coast of the province of Nova Scotia, and is about 100 miles long, and from 10 to 35 broad. It has several fine rivers, a rich soil, and is pleasantly situated. CHARLOTTETOWN is its principal town, and is the residence of the lieutenant governor, who is the chief officer on the island. The number of inhabitants is about 5000. The island produces corn, and quantities of beef and pork. The French inhabitants, amounting to about 4000, surrendered, in 1745, to the British arms. It is attached to the government of Nova Scotia.

NEWFOUNDLAND ISLAND

IS situated east of the gulf of St. Lawrence, between 46° 45′ and 52° 31′ of north latitude, and between 15° 28′ and 22° 37′ east longitude; separated from Labrador by the Straits of Belleisle, and from Canada, by the bay of St. Lawrence; being 381 miles long, and from 40 to 287 miles broad. The coasts are very subject to fogs, attended with almost continual storms of snow and sleet, the sky being usually overcast. From the soil of this land, the British reap no great advantage, for the cold is long continued and severe; and the summer heat, though violent, warms it not enough to produce any thing valuable ; the soil, at least in those parts of the island which have been explored, being rocky and barren. It is watered by several rivers, and has many large and good harbors.

The chief towns in Newfoundland are Placentia, Bonavista, and St. John's.

The population in 1800 was 24,922. The Indians are considerably numerous.

The admiral on the coast is the governor of the island, under the governor general of the British provinces.