117. 120. 121. 122. 123. And here again your clothing I restore, "The remnant of your jewels ready be That I smokles* out of your palace went." "The smok," quoth he, "that thou hast on thy back, But well unnethes thilke word he spake, The folk her folwen weeping in hir way, For, out of doubt, this olde poore man And voiden her as soon as ever he might. Agains his daughter hastily goeth he; * Smokles (A. S. smocc; Ice. smokkr, chemise. As to -les, see reccheles, Index), without under-garment.-Unnethes, with difficulty. See Index.-Ruth (A. S. hreowan, to rue; Ger. reuen), sorrow, compassion.-Fare (A. S. and Goth. faran, to go; Ger. fahren; Ice. and Sw. fara; Dan. fare), gone.-Folwen (A. S. folgian; Ger. folgen, to follow), follow.-Drey (A. S. dryg, dryge, drege, dry; D. droog; Ger. trocken), dry.--Time. Dissyl.-Shope, shaped. See schope, Index.-Lives (A. S. libban, to live; libbe, surviving; lif, life; Ger. leben, to live), live, living.-Courage, inclination.-Disparage (Lat. dispar, unequal; dis, asunder; par, equal), a disparagement. Acc. 1st and 3d syl.-Voiden, make empty, remove, cause to quit. See void, Index.-Agains (A. S. agen, ongegn; Ger. entgegen, against; O. Eng. agens; A. S. to-geanes, to genes, toward, against; Fries. aien, agen; D. tegens. Agains is here probably the genitive case of an old noun), towards, to meet. To illustrate this origin of agains, or against, we may remark, that since, amongst, betwixt, amidst, and whilst are also old genitives. See Gibbs' Teutonic Etymology. The smok, quoth he, that thou hast on thy back. The sound of a in hast and back, as well as that of a in half, being one of the very earliest and easiest, stands at the head of the Indo-European and some other languages, and often seems to be used where no reason exists for any other special Vowel 124. 125. 126. And with her olde coat,* as it might be, Thus with her father for a certain space No wonder is, for in her great estate Discreet and prideless, aye honorable, And to her husband ever meek and stable. Men speak of Job, and most of his humblesse, As women ben, but it befall of new. *Coat, frock, gown.-Fele (A. S. fela, fele; Ger. viel, many), many.-Beforn (A. S. be-; Goth. bi-; O. Ger. pi-; Ger., Sw., Dan., D., be-, originally the same as by, and denoting nearness of place; sometimes giving emphasis, as bedeck, bedaub. See note on betide, st. 4; and see Teutonic Etymology, by Prof. Gibbs. Often, as here, the original meaning of the prefix is lost. Fore is A. S. for, fore; Ger. fùr, vor; Lat. pro; Gr. πрó, in front; A. S. beforan ; O. Eng. beforn; Ger. bevor), in front, before.-Her was done, to her was done.-Ghost (A. S. gast, breath; O. Eng. gast; Ice. geysa, to be impelled; whence geyser, a spouting spring of boiling water), spirit.-Pompe. Dissyl.-Realty (0. Fr. roial, real. The ending -ty is fr. Lat. -itas, which is much used in Lat. to form abstract substantives), royalty. See real, st. 31.-Aye (Gr. deí, ever; aióv, an age; Lat. ævum; Goth. aivs; Ice. afi; A. S. awa, aa, a, always), always.— Humblesse (Lat. humilitas, humility; humus, the ground; Gr. xauai, on the ground; xaμaλós), humility.-Clerkes (Lat. clericus, a clergyman; Gr. κλŋpɩkós, a priest; κλpos, a lot, the clergy, to whom lands were allotted for their support; A. S. clerc, cleric, cleroc, priest, clerk; afterwards any educated person, for the ministers of religion were almost the only literary men), scholars.— Lite (A. S. lyt, lytel), little.-Him acquite, acquit himself, conduct himself. But it befall of new, unless it happen recently. The word ben, in this line, illustrates the O. Eng. plural in -en. So we have, four lines before, praisen, and, in st. 121, folwen and cursen. The loss of this ending and the dropping of inflections generally, accompany the transition from A. S. to Eng. Ne of her high estate no remembrance. The sound of m in remembrance, being highly internal, made with closed lips, is exceedingly suggestive of subjectivity, belongs to one's own consciousness, and is indicative of important mental operations. E. g., Sans. man, to think; Gr. unviw; Lat. moneo, I remind; memini, I remember; Ger. mahnen, meinen, Eng. mean, to intend, imply; Lat. mens, Eng. mind. Hence, perhaps, the word man, A. S. mann, mon, means the thinker. Other examples? 127. 128. 129. 130. PARS SEXTA. From Boloygne is the Earl of Panik come, Was couth eke that a newe marquisess He with him brought, in such pomp and richess, So noble array in all West Lombardy. The marquis which that shope and knew all this, For thilke poore sely Griseldes. And she with humble heart and glad visage, "Griseld," quoth he, "my will is utterly, As it possible is in mine hous to be; * More and less, great and small.—All and some, 'all and singular,' each and all. -Couth, known. See couthen, Index.-Richess, riches. See Index.-Sely (A. S. sel, good; salig, gesalig, happy; Ger. selig; O. Eng. seely, lucky, inoffensive), good. This is the original of our word silly, the notion of innocence easily passing, in the minds of our naughty ancestors, into that of folly.-Grette (A. S. gretan, to address; Ger. gruszen, to greet), greeted.Really, royally. See really, Index.-Mine. Monosyl.-Sitting (A. S. sittan for sitian; Ger. sitzen, to sit; Lat. sedere. See Grimm's law, by which sed- in sedere becomes set or sit; Gr. Souat. The suffix -ing has several uses: (1) to form a present active participle, it being then akin to Sans. -ant; Gr. -ovт; Lat. -ent, or -ant; A. S. -ende, -and, and -ande; Ger. -end; O. Eng. -and, as glitterand in Spenser; (2) to form an adjective, it being then the same in origin as the participle; (3) to form an abstract verbal noun, it being then the same as the Gothic-eins; Ice. -ung; D. -ing; Ger. and A. S. -ung ; (4) to form, in A. S., patronymic nouns, as Elising, the son of Elisha; (5) to indicate, in the Saxon tongue, offspring, as Browning, brown offspring; (6) to denote meadow or field in O. Eng., as Ruddington, town of the red meadow), situation.-Suffisant (Fr., fr. Lat. sufficiens), sufficient. See suffisance, Index.-Ordinance, order, good order.-Lust, inclination, pleasure.-Manner governance, manner of direction. See manner sergeant, st. 67. Governance is fr. Gr. Kußeprav, to act as pilot; Lat. gubernare; Fr. gouverner, to govern; gouvernance, government.-Knowest. Give the derivation, root-meaning, etc., of each word in this line. Not with no swollen heart in her courage. The sound of sw in swollen is said to denote gentle motion, this notion arising from the soft sound of w (which is the same nearly as oo in foot or smooth). E. g., sway, swagger, sweep, swell, swerve, swing. Other examples? 131. 132. 133. 134. Though thine array be bad and evil byseye,* "Not only, lord, that I am glad," quoth she, Ne shall the ghost within mine hearte stent And with that word she gan the house to dight That with him brought these noble children twey; Of her array, so richely byseye. And then at erst amonges em they say That Walter was no fool, though that him lest Her brother eke so fair was of visage * Byseye (A. S. beseon, to view; fr. be and see), beseen, adapted, adjusted. Evil byseye, ill to be seen.-Devoir (Fr. fr. Lat. debere, to owe, fr. de, from, and habere, to have; to have something from another, and so to owe), duty.-Leste (A. S. lytel, little; A. S. lassa, lasse, less; lasest, last, least), least. At the leste way, at least.-Stent, cease, be weary. See stint, Index. -Dight (A. S. dightan, to dictate, arrange; fr. Lat. dictare, to dictate; fr. dic-ere, to speak; Ger. dichten, to write poetry), set in order.-Pained, took pains. Dissyl.-Chamberes, chambermaid. See Index.-Undern, nine in the morning. See st. 30.-Twey, two. See Index.-Byseye, adjusted. See above.-Amonges•(A. S. amang, onmang, among, fr. gemang, mixture; Ger. and D. mengen, to mix; Dan. mänge, to mix: -st or -est, is usually the superlative ending; but here is probably an old genitive ending -es; O. Eng. amonges, in the crowd), among.-Deemen (A. S. deman, to think), deem. O. Eng. plu.-Fruyt (Lat. fructus, fruit; frui, to enjoy; Fr. fruit), fruit, offspring. Ne never for no weal, ne for no wo. The sound of the first e in never, is really nothing more than the shortened sound of a in hate. The sound of e in the French word feve is akin to the sound of a in care. The sound of e in her, is the same as that of u in fur. E is a very frequent substitute for other vowels, as well as for the leading vowel. It is also often silent. These facts explain the frequent recurrence of the letter, without reference to the possible natural signification of the sound. When a little sound, however, it is not inappropriate to express little things and little actions. Thus lancet, trumpet, pocket, streamlet, cockerel, pickerel, satchel, crackle (once pronounced crack-le = crack-ly), diminutives from lance, trump, pock, stream, cock, pike, sack, crack. Give other illustrations. 135. 136. 137. 138. That hem to seen the people hath caught pleasance, O stormy people, unsad and ever untrue! But to Griseld again I will me dress, Right naught was she abashed of her clothing, With so glad cheer his guestes she receiveth, But aye they wondren what she mighte be, * Governance, management. See governance, Index.-Unsad, unsteady. See sad, Index. -Fane (A. S. fana, a banner; Ger. fahne, D. vaan; O. Eng. fane; Goth. fana, a cloth), vane, weathercock.--Rumble (Fr. romeler; Ger. rummeln. This is one of the onomatopoetic class of words; i. e., those words whose sound, in pronouncing them, is like the sound they indicate, as hiss, buzz), rumor.-Jane (Lat. Genua; Low Lat. janua; O. Eng. Jean; Genoa), a small coin of Genoa.-A Jane, at a farthing.-Preveth (O. Fr. prover; Fr. prouver, to prove; Lat. probare, to try, approve, fr. probus, good; A. S. profian; Ger. prufen, proben), proveth.-Lieveth (A. S. lefan, to allow; gelefan, to believe; leafa, belief; Ger. glauben, to believe), believeth.-Sade, thoughtful. See sad, Index. Dissyl.-Dress (Lat. dirigere, to direct; dis, apart, regère, to straighten; Fr. dresser, to make straight), direct.-Del (A. S. del, part; dælan, to divide, deal out; Ger. theilen, to divide; theil, a portion), part.-Somedel, somewhat.-To-rent (A. S. to; Ger. zu; A. S. rendan, to rend; W. rhanu, to divide), torn.-Went, gone. See went, Index.-Business (A. S. bysig, biseg, busy; Ice. bisa, to work hard. For the suffix -ness, see homeliness, Index), business. Trisyl. -Cunningly (A. S. cunnan, to know, be able, can; O. Eng. cun, to know, con, to know, to study over; Goth. kunnan; D. kunnen; Ger. konnen, to know; O. Eng. ken. Is not this word allied to the root gno- in i-gno-sco, and ytyvwσko ?), with skill.-Everich (A. S. afer, ever; Lat. ævum, an age; Gr. aióv; A. S. av, eternity; a, always; ylk, same; alc, elc, each), every one.— Defaute (0. Fr. defaulte; Fr. defaut, deficiency; Lat. de, down; fallere, to deceive), defect. O stormy people, unsad and ever untrue. The sound of o is produced by the muscles in a state of tension around the lips, accompanied by a forcible expiration (and sometimes inspiration). It is appropriate to express pain, wonder, surprise. Hence its universal use as an interjection. When prolonged, it may express greatness. Examples? |