Constitutional law and judical policy making

action activities Amendment American Appeals applied argued argument authority Black charged Chief citizens civil claim Clause clear commerce concerned conduct Congress considered constitutional conviction counsel course crime criminal decide decision defendant demonstrators denied determine discrimination dissent District doctrine due process effect enforcement equal established evidence executive exercise existence expression fact federal follow force freedom function given granted held hold important individual institutions interest involved issue judges judgment judicial jury Justice legislative limited majority matter means ment necessary Negro officer operation opinion particular party person petitioners political position practice present President principle problem prohibition protection question race reason regulation relations responsibility result rule social society speech standing statute suggested Supreme Court tion trial United violation vote