Flunking Grades: Research and Policies on RetentionLorrie A. Shepard, Mary Lee Smith This book challenges the efficacy of the policy of American schools of holding children back in grade for a year, and presents evidence that the policy is damaging to those retained, especially to lower classes and minority groups, often causing them to drop out of school altogether. |
Contents
A MetaAnalysis | 16 |
Repeating and Dropping Out of School | 34 |
A Review of Research on Kindergarten Retention | 64 |
Copyright | |
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Common terms and phrases
ability able academic accountability achievement addition analysis asked average beliefs benefit better cent chapter child classroom compared conception considered decision dissertation district dropout dropping educational effects elementary evaluation evidence example experience extra fact failed failure feel findings given going grade grade retention held high school immature included increased indicate individual instruction interviews kids kindergarten knowledge learner learning less matched math mathematics mean measures negative non-promotion parents pass performance positive practice presented principals problem promotion promotional gate pupils question rates readiness reading reasons recommended repeating reported responses retained children retention school district scores selected Shepard skills Smith social solve standard Table teachers teaching things third tion transition University variables