Biological Micro- and NanotribologyEver since the genesis of life, and throughout the course its further evolution, Nature has constantly been called upon to act as an engineer in solving technical problems. Organisms have evolved a variety of well-defined shapes and structures. Although often intricate and fragile, they can nonetheless deal with extreme mechanical loads. Some organisms live attached to a substrate; others can also move, fly, swim and dive. These abilities and many more are based on a variety of ingenious structural solutions. Understanding these is of major scientific interest, since it can give insights into the workings of Nature in evolutionary processes. Beyond that, we can discover the detailed chemical and physical properties of the materials which have evolved, can learn about their use as structural elements and their biological role and function. This knowledge is also highly relevant for technical applications by humans. Many of the greatest challenges for today's engineering science involve miniaturization. Insects and other small living creatures have solved many of the same problems during their evolution. Zoologists and morphologists have collected an immense amount of information about the structure of such living micromechanical systems. We have now reached a sophistication beyond the pure descriptive level. Today, advances in physics and chemistry enable us to measure the adhesion, friction, stress and wear of biological structures on the micro- and nanonewton scale. Furthermore, the chemical composition and properties of natural adhesives and lubricants are accessible to chemical analysis. |
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Contents
1 Introduction | 3 |
2 Physical Principles of Micro and Nanotribology | 7 |
22 Model Materials | 9 |
23 Mechanical Properties | 11 |
232 Elastic Bodies | 12 |
233 Viscoelastic Bodies | 13 |
234 Contact Mechanics | 15 |
24 Adhesion | 20 |
5 Microscale Test Equipment | 153 |
512 Springs for the Micronewton Range | 154 |
513 Ball Selection | 155 |
514 InterferometerBased Tribometers | 156 |
515 FiberOpticsBased Microtribometer | 158 |
516 BioMicrotribometer | 161 |
517 Data Evaluation | 163 |
52 Mechanical Microanalysis | 164 |
241 Molecular Forces | 23 |
242 Electrostatic Forces | 25 |
243 Capillary Forces | 28 |
25 Lubrication | 32 |
251 Simple Liquids Experiments | 33 |
252 Simple Liquids Simulation | 35 |
253 Water Bulk Properties | 37 |
254 Water Molecular Film Properties | 39 |
255 Lubrication and Water Film Thickness | 44 |
256 Solid Lubrication | 49 |
261 Macroscale StickSlips | 52 |
262 Microscale StickSlips | 53 |
263 Nanoscale StickSlips | 56 |
264 StickSlips and Sliding Velocity | 57 |
265 Friction and Sliding Velocity | 59 |
266 Friction versus Temperature and Humidity | 64 |
267 Friction and Contact Geometry | 65 |
268 Normal Force Dependence | 68 |
269 Vibrations | 70 |
27 Wear | 73 |
272 Nanoscale Wear | 74 |
Biological Friction Systems | 77 |
3 Biological Frictional and Adhesive Systems | 79 |
32 Systems with Reduced Friction | 80 |
322 Joints and Articular Cartilage | 85 |
323 Muscle Connective Tissues | 91 |
33 Systems with Increased Friction | 94 |
332 Egg Filaments of Teleostean Fish | 95 |
334 Friction in Fish Spines | 97 |
335 Attachment for Locomotion in Lizard Pads | 98 |
336 Primate Skin | 100 |
338 Interlock in Parasites and Plant Diaspores | 101 |
339 Bird Feather Interlocking Device | 102 |
34 Mediators of Adhesion | 103 |
342 Coupling Agents | 104 |
35 Systems with Increased Adhesion | 105 |
351 Cell Adhesion | 106 |
352 Invertebrates | 107 |
353 Byssus Adhesion in Molluscs | 110 |
354 Tube Feet of Starfish | 112 |
355 Transitory Adhesion of SoftBodied Invertebrates | 114 |
356 Adhesion in Barnacles | 116 |
357 Permanent Adhesion in Insects and Spiders | 117 |
358 Temporary Adhesion in Cladoceran Crustaceans | 118 |
3510 Sticking in Tree Frogs | 119 |
3511 Adhesion in Bats | 121 |
3512 Plants | 122 |
36 Antiadhesive Mechanisms | 124 |
362 Animals | 126 |
4 Frictional Devices of Insects | 129 |
41 Design Principles of Insect Attachment Devices | 130 |
Ultrastructural Architecture of the Material | 131 |
43 Systems of Two Complementary Surfaces | 133 |
432 WingLocking Devices | 135 |
433 Insect Unguitractor Apparatus | 137 |
434 Coxal Interlocking Mechanism in Lacewings | 138 |
44 Systems of One Adaptable Surface | 139 |
441 Surface Characteristics | 141 |
442 Ultrastructural Architecture of the Pad Material | 143 |
443 Two Alternative Designs of Adhesive Pads | 145 |
45 Epidermal Secretions | 147 |
451 Pore Canals | 148 |
Test Equipment | 151 |
522 Scratch Testing | 166 |
523 ContactAngle Measurement | 167 |
524 Profilometry | 168 |
525 Lubrication Analysis | 170 |
531 Photoelectron Spectroscopy | 171 |
532 Auger Electron Spectroscopy | 173 |
533 Infrared Spectroscopy | 175 |
534 LowEnergy Electron Diffraction | 176 |
6 Nanoscale Probe Techniques | 179 |
61 Scanning Tunneling Microscope | 180 |
612 Constant CurrentHeight Mode | 181 |
613 Tunnel Spectroscopy | 182 |
614 Hydration Scanning Tunneling Microscopy | 183 |
62 AFM | 184 |
622 Contact mode | 185 |
623 Tapping Mode | 186 |
624 Noncontact Mode | 187 |
625 Force Modulation | 188 |
632 Nanoscale Friction and Wear | 190 |
633 Nanoindentation | 191 |
7 Microscopy Techniques | 193 |
71 Principles of Microscopy Techniques | 194 |
712 PhaseContrast Microscopy | 196 |
714 Polarization Microscopy | 197 |
716 Transmission Electron Microscopy | 198 |
72 Preparation Procedures | 200 |
722 Embedding | 202 |
723 Sectioning | 203 |
724 Histological Staining | 204 |
726 Contrasting Technique for TEM | 205 |
727 CriticalPoint Drying | 206 |
728 FreezeDrying | 207 |
7210 FreezeSubstitution | 208 |
73 Microscopy Methods Used in Surface Characterization | 209 |
731 Surface Contour in Biological Surfaces | 210 |
74 Special Techniques for Studies on Material Design | 212 |
742 Pore Canals | 215 |
743 Fluids Occurring in the Contact Area | 216 |
744 Material Properties of Fibrous Composites | 217 |
Case Studies | 223 |
8 Samples Sample Preparation and Tester Setup | 225 |
81 A Biological Microsystem | 226 |
82 Sample Aging | 228 |
Indentation and Adhesion | 231 |
92 Indentation | 232 |
93 Adhesion | 236 |
932 The Detachment Process | 238 |
933 Adhesive Properties of the Secretion | 239 |
Friction | 243 |
102 Results | 244 |
1021 Load Dependence and Friction Hysteresis | 245 |
1022 Anisotropy of Friction and Inner Structure | 247 |
Material Properties | 251 |
112 Viscoelastic Properties | 252 |
12 Outlook | 255 |
Appendix | 257 |
A Contact Models | 259 |
B Capillary Theory | 261 |
C Glossary | 265 |
D List of Symbols | 273 |
277 | |
299 | |
Other editions - View all
Biological Micro- and Nanotribology: Nature’s Solutions Matthias Scherge,Stanislav S. N. Gorb Limited preview - 2013 |
Biological Micro- and Nanotribology: Nature’s Solutions Matthias Scherge,Stanislav Gorb No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
adhesion adsorbed animals applied asperities atoms attachment pads ball and flat beam behavior biological body byssus cantilever capillary action capillary bridge capillary force cartilage cells chemical collagen contact area cuticle decrease deflection deformation detected distal distance double-layer elastic electron elytra endomysium energy epicuticle epidermal fixation flat sample fluid force curve friction force function glands Hertz humidity hydrophilic hydrophobic increasing indentation insect interaction interlock layer lubrication material mbar measured mechanical properties method microscopy microtrichia molecular molecules monolayer muscle nanometer normal force obtained oscillation oxide Phys plant pore canals procedure profilometer protein pull-off pull-off force range roughness scanning sclerites secretion Sect sections sensor shear shown in Fig shows silicon SILICON model system sliding velocity smooth solid specimen staining stick/slips stress structure substrate surface synovial fluid tangential force techniques temperature tissues tribological vacuum viscoelastic viscosity water film thickness water molecules