Research on the Structure of Hummingbird Feathers

Abdomen Aglaeactis cupripennis angle of incidence axial ridge barb birds brilliant barbules brilliant feathers brilliant zone Buffoni bules Chalybura characteristic Chrysolampis mosquitus cohesion contour feathers coverts of Eriocnemis curves differentiated barbule dorsal feathers Eriocnemis vestita eumelanine evolution examined example external appearance external barbules feather of Aglaeactis feather of Chalybura feathers of Chrysolampis feathers of Helianthea Galbulidae gorget feathers green hamulus Helianthea helianthea Homophania horny layers hummingbird feathers intensity interference colors intermediate internal iridescent keratin less lower flange luminosity luminous feathers maximum median melanine melanine pigment metallic feathers microstructure mingbird modification molt moreover morphology Nectariniidae observed ornamental feathers outer boundary particularly pennulum phaeomelanine Phaethornis pigment pigment granules plane plumage ramus rectrices remiges Rensch scaly feathers sections taken seen Selasphorus rufus species spectral Sturnidae terminal thickness tion transverse section Trochilidae types of feathers under-tail coverts upper flange vanulum variations ventral feathers wave length