In d dole and t toll the lower lip touches the upper teeth. the tongue's tip touches the upper inside front gums. In j jar and ch char the tongue's tip touches the mouth's roof just behind upper inside front gums. In g gay and k kay the tongue's middle touches the corresponding palate. b. In these the breath is allowed to escape gradually between the organs mentioned: Sub-vocals accompanied with vocalization. In w way and In th this and Aspirates unaccompanied with vocalization. wh whey between the lips pushed forward. th thistle between the tongue's tip and the teeth. sown between the tongue's tip and upper inside front gums. sure between the tongue's tip and roof III. Notice also that the position of the lips and tongue is the same in m, b and p; n, d and t; and ng, g and k. (See EXERCISE, § 11.) CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. In practicing upon the consonants it is better to repeat over the separate consonants or combinations of consonants than the whole words in which they are found. Otherwise there is danger that the articulation, instead of becoming proper, will become precise,-one of the worst of faults. Most persons will not need any more exercises upon the consonants than those in §§ 11, 12. But when articulation is particularly defective in connection with certain letters or combinations of letters, it may be found advantageous to practice over such of the following exercises as contain them. m in gum, blanie, realm, calm, phlegm, moment, mammon, tempter, monumentary, matrimony,-He was most mindful of that mysterious melancholy- The moment he came home he mounted the mule-The mutterings of the maddened communists made music for me. n in noun, nine, stolen, swollen, barn, mown, name, gnarl, design, banner, frozen, reason, heathen, shapen, Briton, deaden, non entity, unanimous, an ice, a nice, an ocean, a notion, an oyster, an uncle, an aunt, a niece, an ink-bottle, a numbskull,-When lightning and dread thunder rend stubborn rocks asunder, and monarchs die with wonder-What news do you know? ng in gang, king, length, bank, being, bringing, robin, robbing, chapping, chopping, anguish, concourse, banquet, anxiety, reading, writing, dancing and singing,-Being all deserving of strong consideration. 1 in all, marl, earl, love, isle, loins, lively, lovely, helm, castle, axle, grovel, able, liberty, looming,-We cast one longing, lingering look behind-Explain, exclaim and explode-The heavily-laden load loomed up. y in yawn, yell, he, hear, ye, year, you, use, youthful, useful, million, Asia, studios,-Also u in duke, tune, new, Tuesday,-The new tune suits the duke-Youth with ill-humor is odious. r in raw, wrap, fry, bray, pray, grope, dray, tray, shrill, shriek, throw, raiment, rampart, wrestle, christian, rural, around, erect, rebel, dreading, dredging, memorandum, remuneration, repetition,The grunting groom groaned grossly at the glittering robe-Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear-The armed rhinoceros -Rend with tremendous sound your ears asunder, with gun, drum, trumpet, blunderbus and thunder. r in fir, cur, nor, bur, err, hire, core, pure, terse, force, marsh, scarf, dark, card, garb, learn, pearl, hearth, swerve, pardon, mercy, virtue, mortgage, commerce, debar, appear, expire, demure,-What man dare I dare-I hear thee near, I start and fear. b in bab, barb, babe, bib, bulb, embark, babboon, abrogate, fabulous, ebony, liberty, barbarous, barbican. p in pap, pate, pet, pipe, pope, pippin, proper, topple, puritan, papacy, populous. b and p in Where boundless rest that borders boundless love abides in bliss of bounty absolute-The north-sea bubble put the public in a hubbub-Here piles of pins extend their shining rows, puffs, powders, patches, bibles, billet-doux-Abuse the city's best good men in meter, and laugh at peers that put their trust in Peter. v or ph, f, in vat, vain, pave, weave, hive, void, ravel, heaven, even, given, vivid, votive, Stephen, twelve, of. f or ph, gh, in far, for, fry, deaf, calf, laugh, tough, phrase, phial, profit, deafen, roughen, soften, epitaph, phaeton, phonetic. v and f in The vile vagabond ventured to vilify the venerable voter-Down in the vale where the leaves of the grove wave over the graves-He filled the draught and freely quaffed, and puffed the fragrant fume and laughed-The flaming fire flashed full in his face. d in dad, did, dead, aid, made, longed, hedged, saved, writhed, walled, ebbed, damaged, modest, pedant, udder, deadly, adjourned. t in tat, tight, debt, laced, danced, chafed, laughed, wrecked, matter, totter, titter, testament, titillate, destitute, taciturn, testator, attainment, intestate. d and t in Down in the deep dungeon he did delve-He discovered naught but deserts and despair-And of those demons that are found in fire, air, flood, or under ground-To inhabit a mansion remote from the clatter of swift prancing steeds -A tell-tale, tattling, termagant that troubles all the town -He talked and stamped and chafed till all were shocked. j in jam, gem, gin, June, joke, judge, jot, jut, Julius, disgorge, allege, jolly, jogged, regiment,--This generous jolting gave us general joy-Jaded he joked and jumped a jig-The jailbird nudged the jovial judge, then jerked away. ch in chat, chant, latch, itch, choose, chaplain, charmer, checkmate, chirping,-The chosen church a changeless challenge madeThe wretch chastised would fetch the matches. g hard in gag, egg, gig, gog, good, guide, ragged, cragged, gimlet, ghastly. k (or c, ch, qu) in car, cake, coke, keen, chord, quay, clear, comic, conquer, collocate, calico, cucumber, vaccinate,-He gave a guinea and he got a groat-A giddy, giggling girl her kind folks plague, her manners vulgar and her converse vague-A black coat of curious quality-With the cold caution of a coward's spleen, which fears not guilt, but always craves a screen-The expectant will execrate this exceedingly expensive expedition-He will accept the command except of the navy, and expects to come back a conqueror. w in way, one, woo (who), wain (vane), wine (vine), wood, woos (ooze, whose), swoon, quake, choir, thwart, forward, wormwood, quorum, froward. wh in what, why, while, whether, whim, whom, whiffle, wherewithal, whithersoever, whales (wales), whirlwind,-A wight well versed in waggery-We wandered where the way wound through the winding wood-When wheels whizz whirring round, and whirlwinds whistling sound-While the white swelling tide is turned aside. th in booth, with, wreath, bathe, oaths, breathe, tithe, these, those, their, either, heathen, northern, father, hither, thither, inwreathe. th in bath, path, oath, mouth, width, truths, thwart, thesis, hundredth, amethyst, mathematics, orthodox. th in Through the smooth paths-They wreathe about the thicket-Thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb-From nature's chain whatever link you strike, tenth or tenthousandth, breaks the chain alike. z in blaze, as, is, was, views, moves, baths, bathes, balls, pains, commas, prizes, houses, scissors, brazen, cousin, puzzle, observes, exert, exempt, sacrifice, mechanism, anxiety. s in mass, dose, laughs, mouths, verse, dupes, packs, lax, hosts, fists, soil, cell, scene, schism, apsis, thesis, schedule, preside, desists, design, dissuade, vaccinate,-The prices of his dramas render the disposal of them, as is usually his usage, easy-When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw-He bares his fists with strangest boasts, and still insists he sees the ghosts. z in azure, leisure, treasure. sh in ash, shore, marsh, sure, sugar, censure, pension, nation, showy, luxury, crucifixion. adventitious-The shade he sought and shunned the sunshine-The weak-eyed bat with short, shrill shriek flits by on leathern wing-The string let fly twanged short and sharp like the shrill swallow's cry. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. At first practice only § 7: e; §§ 8 and 10. 7. Stand erect with shoulders back; look straight ahead; hold chin in; rest on one leg, with both straight, and feet four inches apart, so placed that a straight line drawn through one foot from toe to heel will pass through the heel of the other. (See §§ 156-162). a. Alternating Passive and Active Chest.-Without breathing or moving shoulders, repeatedly lift the chest from that which is its ordinary (passive) condition to the slightly raised and expanded (active) condition in which the shoulders seem to be back and down. When practicing the vocal exercises always hold the chest in this active position. b. Waist Movements.-Bend the body backward and forward, from side to side, and, without moving the hips, twist it, i.e. turn shoulders from side to side. c. Arm Movements.-After acquiring the mode of breathing (see § 8) I. Do the following, all slowly and gently: While filling the chest lift the arms (without bending elbows) outward till the two together form a straight line parallel to the floor. When chest is filled, strike it gently with the hands; alternately move the arms slowly about the chest upward and downward, and backward and forward; hold the arms up, and, bending the elbows, alternately elevate the hands and touch the cheeks with the backs of the fingers. II. Do the following vigorously: Draw back the elbows with hands near the shoulders, fists clinched and palms up; take and hold a full breath; push forward the hands, on a line level with the shoulders, at the same time unclasping the fingers; then, keeping the arms as near to the sides as possible, so as not to strain the lungs, and clinching the fingers, draw the fists against the shoulders and as far back as you can. Place each fist near its own shoulder, fill lungs, and, keeping the elbows near the body, touch them in front, and behind if you can. d. Neck Movements.-Bend the head backward and forward, from side to side, and twist it. e. Throat Movements.-To accustom different parts of the back of the mouth and throat to open and allow vowel sounds to come forward— I. Keep putting tip of tongue behind upper front teeth, and carrying it, as if about to swallow it, along roof of mouth. II. Keep lifting the soft palate (something like gaping); look into a mirror and make the uvula (i.e. the membrane hanging from the back of the roof of the mouth) disappear. III. Alternately gape and make a movement as if about to swallow. IV. Put three fingers' breadth between the upper and lower teeth, and keep moving the lips backward and forward. f. Time for Vocal Practice.-Begin from one to five hours after eating, and practice from fifteen to thirty minutes. I. If any one exercise fatigues or irritates the organs, pass on to another. II. If out of practice, go over the exercises daily for three or four days before public speaking. 8. Breathing. (See §§ 1, 2.) MODE. Always inhaling through nostrilsI. Expand, first, abdomen, then lower side ribs, then lift chest, then contract abdomen and side ribs, and last drop the chest. (§7: a.) In the following, if a beginner, place the arms akimbo, with fingers pointing forward, then throw shoulders (not body) forward so as to keep the chest down, and with fingers gently drawing apart the lower ribs below the breast bone II. Expand, first, lower side ribs, then (throwing shoulders back) the abdomen, and lift chest, then contract the lower ribs and abdomen, and last drop the chest. (§ 7: a.) After a few weeks, see to it also that the muscles at side and back of the waist expand as you draw in the air. In holding the breath, or letting it out, never allow yourself to feel that there is contraction or force expended in the throat. Keep the throat open: make the waist muscles do all the work. (§ 3.) RATE. According to each mode, practice I. Effusive or tranquil breathing: i.e. inhale slowly, and exhale with a prolonged whispered sound of h. II. Expulsive: i. e. inhale more rapidly and expel, by contracting the abdomen, repeated whispers (a second or two long), of h—h, h-h, etc. III. Explosive or abrupt : 1. e. inhale more rapidly (or inhale slowly); expel, by contracting the abdomen, suddenly and forcibly, one or any number of whispered sounds of h. In this way cough, yawn, sob and laugh out the whispers. To develop full respiration, strong utterance and clear articulation, practice the exercises in § 11, or read anything in a whisper. Never prolong this exercise for more than two or three minutes. Never practice breathing or whispering after you feel giddy. 9. Vocal Cords.-I. Holding the breath, repeat as rapidly as possible a soft, short sound, between that of u in up and oo in coowhispered-then softly vocal- and up and down the scale. Make it in the forward part of the mouth, rather than in the throat, and never after it begins to irritate the organs. II. If you have a voice of a breathing quality, occasionally, for a few seconds, hold the breath and force it against the vocal cords so |