"He saw an antelope in the wilderness."

In is a preposition, a word which serves to connect words show the relation between them-it connects the words." lope" and "wilderness"—and shows the relation between† Wilderness is a noun, the name of a place-com. the na a sort or species-neut. gend. it denotes a thing without third pers. spoken of-sing. num. it implies but one-and i objective case, it is the object of the relation expressed b preposition "in," and governed by it, according to

RULE 31. Prepositions govern the objective case.

The genius of our language will not allow us to say, f before he; Hand the paper to they. Prepositions requir pronoun following them to be in the objective form, positio case; and this requisition amounts to government. Henc say, "Stand before him;" "Hand the paper to them." E preposition expresses a relation, and every relation must an object: consequently, every preposition must be followe a noun or pronoun in the objective case.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

The all-wise Creator bestowed the power of speech man, for the most excellent uses. Augustus heard the o pleading the client's cause, in a flow of most powerful eloque Fair Cynthia smiles serenely over nature's soft repose. I varying schemes no more distract the labouring mind of Septimius stabbed Pompey standing on the shore of Egyp

A beam of tranquillity often plays round the heart of the pious man. The thoughts of former years glide over my like swift-shooting meteors over Ardven's gloomy vales.

At the approach of day, night's swift dragons cut the cl full fast; and ghosts, wandering here and there, troop hon church-yards.

Love still pursues an ever devious race,

True to the winding lineaments of grace.

NOTE. The words my and and you need not parse. The noun "6 met following the adverb "like," is in the objective case, and governed b understood, according to NOTE 2, under Rule 32. The noun hon governed by to understood, according to Rule 32.

REMARKS ON PREPOSITIONS AND VERBS. A noun or pronoun in the objective case, is often governed by tion understood; as, "Give him that book;" that is, "Give t him;""Ortugral was one day wandering," &c, that is, on one cy gives affliction a grace;" that is, Mercy gives a grace to arb Note 1, under Rule 32.

To be able to make a proper use of prepositions, particu requisite. There is a peculiar propriety to be coserved in the with: as, "He walks with a staff by moonlight;" "He"

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and killed with a sword." Put the one preposition for the other, and He walks by a staff with moonlight;" "He was taken with stratagem, illed by a sword ;" and it will appear, that the latter expressions difm the former in signification, more than one, at first view, would be imagine.

bs are often compounded of a verb and a preposition; as, to uphold, to and, to overlook; and this composition gives a new meaning to the as, to understand, to withdraw, to forgive. But the preposition is requently placed after the verb, and separately from it, like an adin which situation it does not less affect the sense of the verb, and a new meaning; and in all instances, whether the preposition is either before or after the verb, if it gives a new meaning to the verb, be considered as a part of the verb. Thus, to cast means to throw, cast up an account, signifies to compute it; therefore up is a part of the The phrases, to fall on, to bear out, to give over, convey very different ings from what they would if the prepositions on, out, and over, were not Verbs of this kind are called compound verbs,

ɔu may now answer the following

QUESTIONS NOT ANSWERED IN PARSING. rom what words is the term preposition derived?—Why is us named ?—Repeat the list of prepositions.-Name the e parts of speech that govern nouns and pronouns in the ctive case. When is a noun or pronoun in the objective , the object of an action?-When is it the object of a rela-Repeat the order of parsing a preposition.-What rule you apply in parsing a noun or pronoun governed by a preition ?-Does every preposition require an objective case rit?—Is a noun or pronoun ever governed by a preposition lerstood?-Give examples.-What is said of verbs cominded of a verb and preposition?-Give the origin and mean of the prepositions explained in the Philosophical Notes.

LECTURE VIII.

OF PRONOUNS.

CONOUN is a word used instead of a noun, rally to avoid the too frequent repetition e word. A pronoun is, likewise, substitute for a sentence, or mem

The word pronoun comes from the two Latin words, which means for, or instead of, and nomen, a name, or n Hence you perceive, that pronoun means for a noun, or ins of a noun.

In the sertence, "The man is happy; he is benevolent is useful;" you perceive, that the word he is used instead of noun man; consequently he must be a pronoun. You obse too, that, by making use of the pronoun he in this sentence, avoid the repetition of the noun man, for without the prond the sentence would be rendered thus, "The man is happy; man is benevolent; the man is useful."

By looking again at the definition, you will notice, that nouns always stand for nouns, but they do not always avoid repetition of nouns. Repetition means repeating or mention the same thing again. In the sentence, "I come to die for country," the pronouns, I and my, stand for the name of the P son who speaks; but they do not avoid the repetition of t name, because the name or noun for which the pronouns used, is not mentioned at all. Pronouns of the third pers generally avoid the repetition of the nouns for which they star but pronouns of the first and second person, sometimes av the repetition of nouns, and sometimes they do not.

A little farther illustration of the pronoun will show you importance, and, also, that its nature is very easily comp hended. If we had no pronouns in our language, we should obliged to express ourselves in this manner: "A woman w

to a man, and told the man that the man was in danger of bei murdered by a gang of robbers; as a gang of robbers had ma preparations for attacking the man. The man thanked the w man for the woman's kindness, and, as the man was unable defend the man's self, the man left the man's house, and we to a neighbour's."

This would be a laborious style indeed; but, by the help pronouns, we can express the same ideas with far greater ea and conciseness: "A woman went to a man, and told hi that he was in great danger of being murdered by a gang of ro bers, who had made preparations for attacking him. He than ed her for her kindness, and, as he was unable to defend hi self, he left his house and went to a neighbour's.”

If you look at these examples a few moments, you carrot at a loss to tell which words are prones; "and you w serve, too, that they all stand for nouns.

Pronouns are generally divided into kinds, the Personal, the Adjective, an

sion you will learn, not only the cases of the pronouns, but, also, their genders, persons, and numbers.

DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1. When self is added to the personal pronouns, as himself, myself, itself, themselves, &c. they are called compound personal pronouns, and are used in the nominative or objective case, but not in the possessive.

2. In order to avoid the disagrecable harshness of sound, occasioned by the frequent recurrence of the terininations est, edst, in the adaptation of our verbs to the nominative thou, a modern innovation which substitutes you for thou, in familiar style, has generally been adopted. This innovation contri butes greatly to the harmony of our colloquial style. You was forinerly restricted to the plural number; but now it is employed to represent either nsinoular or a plural noun. It ought to be recollected, however, that when

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used as the representative of a singular noun, this word retains its origina. plural form; and, therefore, the verb connected with it, should always be plural. Inattention to this peculiarity, has betrayed some writers into the erroneous conclusion, that, because you implies unity when it represents a singular noun, it ought, when thus employed, to be followed by a singular verb; as, "When was you there?" "How far was you from the parties?" Such a construction, however, is not supported by good usage, nor by analogy. It is as manifest a solecism as to say, We am, or we is. Were it, in any case, admissible to connect a singular verb with you, the use of was would still be ungrammatical, for this form of the verb is confined to the first and third persons, and you is second person. Wast being second person, it would approximate -nearer to correctness to say, you wast. We never use the singular of the present tense with you :-you art, you is; you walkest, you walks. Why, then, should any attempt be made to force a usage so unnatural and gratuitous as the connecting of the singular verb in the past tense with this pronoun? In every point of view, the construction, "When were you there?" "How far were you from the parties?" is preferable to the other.

3. The words my, thy, his, her, our, your, their, are, by many, denominated possessive adjective pronouns; but they always stand for nouns in the possessive case. They ought, therefore, to be classed with the personal pronouns. That principle of classification which ranks them with the adjective pronouns, would also throw all nouns in the possessive case among the adjectives. Example: "The lady gave the gentleman her watch for his horse."" In this sentence her personates, or stands for, the noun "lady," and his represents "gentleman." This fact is clearly shown by rendering the sentence thus, "The lady gave the gentleman the lady's watch for the gentleman's horse." If lady's and gentleman's are nouns, her and his must be personal pronouns. The same remarks apply to my, thy, our, your, their and its. This view of these words may be objected to by those who speculate and refine upon the principles of grammar until they prove their non-existence, but it is believed, nevertheless, to be based on sound reason and common sense.

4. Mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, have, by many respectable grammarians, been considered merely the possessive cases of personal pronouns, whilst, by others, they have been denominated pronouns or nouns in the nominative or objective case. It is believed, however, that a little attention to the meaning and office of these words, will clearly show the impropriety of both these classifications. Those who pursue the former arrangement, allege, that, in the examples, "You may imagine what kind of faith theirs was; My pleasures are past; hers and yours are to come; they applauded his conduct, but condemned hers and yours," the words theirs, hers, and yours, are personal pronouns in the possessive case, and governed by their respective nouns understood. To prove this, they construct the sentences thus, " you may imagine what kind of faith their faith was ;-her pleasures and your pleasures are to come;-but condemned her conduct and your conduct;" or thus, "You may imagine what kind of faith the faith of them was ;-the pleasures of her and the pleasures of you, are to come,but condemned the conduct of her and the conduct of you." But these constructions, (both of which are correct,) prove too much for their purpose; for, as soon as we supply the nouns after these words, they are resolved into personal pronouns of kindred meaning, and the nouns which we supply: thus, theirs becomes, their faith: hers, her pleasures; and yours, your pleasures. This evidently gives us two words instead of, and altogether distinct from, the first; so that, in parsing, their faith, we are not, in reality, analyzing theirs, but two other words of which theirs is the proper representative. These remarks also prove, with equal force, the impropriety of calling these words merely simple pronouns or nouns in the nominative or objective Without attempting to develop the original or intrinsick meaning of these pluralizing adjuncts, ne and s, which were, no doubt, formerly detached

case.