Geodynamics of the LithosphereThe large scale structure of the earth is caused by geodynamic processes which are explained using energetic, kinematic and dynamic descriptions. While "geodynamic processes" are understood to include a large variety of processes and the term is used by earth scientists quite loosely, the methods of their description involve well defined fields. Energetic descriptions are in volved with distribution of energy in our planet, typically expressed in terms of heat and temperature. Kinematic descriptions describe movements using velocities, strains and strain rates and Dynamic descriptions indicate how stresses and forces behave. As structural and metamorphic geologists we document in the field only the consequences of geological processes. The underlying causes are much harder to constrain directly. However, it is absolutely crucial to understand these causes or: "driving forces", if we are to explain the tectonic evolution of our planet. This book deals with the dynamic description of geological processes. Our descriptions relate causes and consequences - tectonic processes with field observations. In many cases, we will use equations as a concise form to describe processes and observations in nature. As we will be dealing mostly with large scale tectonic questions, the observations that we shall use are also on a large scale. For example, we shall use observations on the elevation (Fig. 1.1, 1.2) and heat flow of mountain ranges, the thickness of continents and the water depth of the oceans. |
Contents
1 | |
14 | |
Heat and Temperature | 47 |
Elevation and Shape 133 | 134 |
Force and Rheology | 195 |
Dynamic Processes | 251 |
PTtDPaths 321 | 320 |
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Common terms and phrases
advection assume assumptions asthenosphere basins boundary conditions calculated with eq column constant contact metamorphic continental lithosphere coordinate crust crustal curves deformation density depth derivative described deviatoric deviatoric stress diagram diffusion discussed earth elastic equation equilibration equilibrium error function example exhumation fault Figure force function geodynamic geological geometry geotherm gradient grid heat conduction heat production horizontal illustrated integration interpretation intrusion isostasy isostatic isotherms layer mantle lithosphere mechanical metamorphic rocks mid-oceanic ridges Moho motion mountain belt mountain range normal stresses occur oceanic lithosphere one-dimensional orogen P-T-paths parameters plate tectonic potential energy pressure Problem processes reference frame region relationship rheology rifting rocks sect sedimentary sedimentary basins sedimentation shear shear stresses slope solution spatial strain rate Stüwe subduction zones subsidence surface elevation surface heat flow T₁ temperature profile tensor terrain thermal evolution thickening thickness two-dimensional uplift variable velocity vertical wedge