Basic Biogeography

acid activities agricultural animals approach areas associated become Britain British brown cause cent changes chemical Class clay climatic complex conservation cover crop cycle detailed determined disturbance dominant early ecology ecosystem effects energy environment environmental established example exist factors field fire flora forest further grass grazing ground growing growth horizon humus important increase influence insect land layer lead less limit litter loss major material measure methods mountain natural North nutrients oakwood occur organic particularly pattern peat period pest pine plant population present problem processes production reached recent reference region relatively shown similar slopes soil species spread stage stands structure succession surface Table temperature trees types unit upland usually values vegetation wind wood woodland zone