Basic Biogeography

acid agricultural animals approach areas biogeography birch Britain British Isles brown earths bryophyte Cairngorm Calluna cations cent changes chemical clay climatic climax vegetation complex conifers conservation cover coypus crop cycle deciduous deer disturbance dominant Ecol ecology ecosystem energy environment environmental erosion example factors fire Flandrian forest Forestry Forestry Commission gley soils grass grazing ground flora growth habitat heather herbivores horizon humus important increase influence input insect land landscape layer leached lichen litter mainly measure methods mineral moorland moors mountain natural nutrients oakwood occur organic parent material pattern peat pest pine pinewood Pinus plant communities podzol pollen population present production quadrats Quercus petraea recent region sample Scotland Scots pine Scottish Highlands seed seedlings shrubs slopes species structure surface Table temperature tree-line trees trophic level tropical upland usually values vegetation wood woodland zone