Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of MindThis landmark textbook introduces students to everything that the world's great thinkers think about thought. Throughout history, different fields of inquiry have attempted to understand the great mystery of mind and answer questions like: What is mind? How does it operate? What is consciousness? Only recently have these efforts in traditional and cutting edge disciplines become more united in their focus. Cognitive Science is the comprehensive result of the authors' drawing together of this work. Cognitive Science is the perfect introductory textbook for cross-disciplinary courses on the mind in psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and computer science. |
Contents
Introduction Exploring Inner Space | 8 |
What Is Cognitive Science? | 8 |
Representation | 8 |
Digital Representations | 8 |
Analog Representations | 8 |
Prepositional Representations | 8 |
Computation | 9 |
The TriLevel Hypothesis | 10 |
Evaluating the Connectionist Approach | 221 |
Problems and Disadvantages | 222 |
Meaning in the Web | 224 |
Characteristics of Semantic Networks | 225 |
A Hierarchical Semantic Network | 226 |
Evaluating the Hierarchical Model | 228 |
Propositional Semantic Networks | 230 |
Evaluating Semantic Networks | 231 |
The Classical and Connectionist Views of Computation | 13 |
The Philosophical Approach | 15 |
The Psychological Approach | 16 |
The Cognitive Approach | 17 |
The Neuroscience Approach | 18 |
The Evolutionary Approach | 19 |
The Linguistic Approach | 20 |
The Robotics Approach | 21 |
Categories of Mental Representation | 22 |
Analogical Reasoning | 24 |
The Philosophical Approach Enduring Questions | 29 |
The MindBody Problem | 30 |
Flavors of Monism | 33 |
Flavors of Dualism | 34 |
Evaluating the Dualist Perspective | 36 |
Functionalism | 38 |
Evaluating the Functionalist Perspective | 40 |
The Free WillDeterminism Debate | 41 |
The Issue of Free Will | 43 |
Evaluating the Free WillDeterminism Debate | 44 |
The Knowledge Acquisition Problem | 45 |
Evaluating the Knowledge Acquistion Debate | 47 |
The Mystery of Consciousness | 49 |
The WhatItsLike Argument | 50 |
Mind as an Emergent Property | 52 |
Evaluating the Emergent View of Mind | 53 |
Consciousness and Neuroscience | 54 |
Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence | 56 |
Overall Evaluation of the Philosophical Approach | 59 |
Dennetts Multiple Drafts Theory of Consciousness | 60 |
Decision Making | 63 |
The Psychological Approach A Profusion of Theories | 65 |
Psychology and the Scientific Method | 67 |
The Voluntarist Movement | 68 |
Evaluating the Voluntarist Approach | 71 |
What the Mind Is | 72 |
Evaluating the Structuralist Approach | 73 |
What the Mind Does | 74 |
Evaluating the Functionalist Approach | 76 |
Mental Physics and the Gestalt Movement | 77 |
Evaluating the Gestalt Approach | 81 |
Mechanism and Psychoanalytic Psychology | 82 |
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Approach | 84 |
The Behaviorist Approach | 85 |
Evaluating the Behaviorist Approach | 87 |
Overall Evaluation of the Psychological Approach | 88 |
Insight Learning | 89 |
Introspection | 91 |
The Cognitive Approach I HistoryVision and Attention | 95 |
Mind as an Information Processor | 97 |
Modularity of Mind | 98 |
Evaluating the Modular Approach | 99 |
Theories of Vision and Pattern Recognition | 100 |
Evaluating Template Matching Theory | 101 |
Feature Detection Theory | 103 |
A Computational Theory of Vision | 105 |
Evaluating the Computational Theory of Pattern Recognition | 106 |
Feature Integration Theory | 108 |
Evaluating Feature Integration Theory | 111 |
Theories of Attention | 112 |
Broadbents Filter Model | 113 |
Evaluating the Filter Model | 115 |
The DeutschNorman Memory Selection Model | 116 |
Kahnemans Capacity Model of Attention | 117 |
Evaluating the Capacity Model of Attention | 119 |
Biedermans RecognitionbyComponents Theory of Pattern Recognition | 120 |
Silhouettes and Object Constancy | 122 |
The Cognitive Approach II Memory Imagery and Problem Solving | 125 |
Sensory Memory | 126 |
Working Memory | 127 |
LongTerm Memory | 131 |
Memory Models | 133 |
The Modal Model | 134 |
Evaluating the Modal Model | 135 |
Evaluating the ACT Model | 137 |
Evaluating the Working Memory Model | 139 |
The Kosslyn and Schwartz Theory of Visual Imagery | 140 |
Image Structures | 141 |
Image Processes | 142 |
Evaluating the Kosslyn and Schwartz Theory | 146 |
The Imagery Debate | 147 |
Problem Solving | 149 |
The General Problem Solver Model | 153 |
Evaluating the General Problem Solver Model | 154 |
The SOAR Model | 155 |
Evaluating the SOAR Model | 156 |
Overall Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach | 158 |
Search in Working Memory | 159 |
Memory Effects | 161 |
The Neuroscience Approach Mind as Brain | 163 |
Methodology in Neuroscience | 164 |
Evaluating Techniques for the Study of Brain Damage | 165 |
Brain Recording Techniques | 166 |
Computerized Axial Tomography CAT | 167 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI | 168 |
The Electrical Stimulation Technique | 169 |
Neuron Anatomy and Physiology | 170 |
Directions in the Nervous System | 172 |
The Cortex | 173 |
The Split Brain | 174 |
The Neuroscience of Visual Object Recognition | 175 |
Visual Agnosias | 176 |
Apperceptive Agnosia | 177 |
Associative Agnosia | 178 |
Face Perception | 180 |
The Neuroscience of Attention | 181 |
Models of Attention | 185 |
Distributed Network Models | 186 |
The Neuroscience of Memory | 187 |
Learning and Memory | 188 |
The Hippocampal System | 189 |
Models of Hippocampal Function | 190 |
Neural Substrates of Working Memory | 192 |
Evaluating the Neuroscience of Working Memory | 195 |
The Neuroscience of Executive Function and Problem Solving | 197 |
Theories of Executive Function | 199 |
Overall Evaluation of the Neuroscience Approach | 201 |
Binding and Neural Synchrony | 202 |
Neural Functions | 203 |
Outline The Network Approach Mind as a Web | 207 |
Principles Underlying Artificial Neural Networks | 208 |
Characteristics of Artificial Neural Networks | 210 |
Early Conceptions of Neural Networks | 212 |
Back Propagation and Convergent Dynamics | 215 |
Artificial Neural Network Typologies | 219 |
Overall Evaluation of the Network Approach | 233 |
NETtalk | 234 |
Free Association | 236 |
The Evolutionary Approach Change Over Time | 239 |
Evolutionary Psychology | 240 |
Selection | 241 |
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms | 244 |
Evolution and Cognitive Processes | 247 |
Memory | 248 |
Logical Reasoning | 250 |
Judgment Under Uncertainty | 253 |
Language | 256 |
Sex Differences in Cognition | 257 |
Evolutionary Computing | 261 |
Artificial Life | 263 |
Neural Darwinism | 265 |
Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology | 266 |
Overall Evaluation of the Evolutionary Approach | 269 |
A Stage Theory of Evolution | 270 |
Memory for Object Location | 272 |
The Linguistic Approach Language and Cognitive Science | 275 |
The Nature of Language | 276 |
Language Use in Primates | 278 |
Evaluating Language Use in Primates | 280 |
Language Acquisition | 282 |
Evaluating Language Acquisition | 284 |
Evaluating Language Deprivation | 287 |
The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | 288 |
Evaluating the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | 290 |
The Role of Grammar | 291 |
Evaluating Universal Grammar | 294 |
Evaluating the WernickeGeschwind Model | 297 |
Natural Language Processing | 298 |
Speech Recognition | 299 |
Syntactic Analysis | 301 |
Pragmatic Analysis | 302 |
Evaluation of Natural Language Processing | 303 |
Overall Evaluation of the Linguistic Approach | 304 |
Modern Conceptions of the Lexicon | 307 |
Conversational Pragmatics | 308 |
Artificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective | 311 |
Historical and Philosophical Roots | 312 |
The Quest for Mechanical Life | 313 |
Philosophical OriginsMan as a Machine | 315 |
Evaluating Descartes Approach | 316 |
Defining Artificial Intelligence AI | 320 |
Evaluating the Concept of AI | 322 |
Applied AI | 323 |
AI Methodologies | 331 |
The Computer as the Tool of Al Research | 333 |
Evaluation of the Computer as a Model of Brain Organization | 334 |
Programming | 335 |
Evaluation of Programming Languages | 336 |
Evaluation of the Turing Test TT and Turings Detractors | 341 |
The TT and Behaviorism | 344 |
Summarizing the Meaning of AI | 345 |
Behaviorism and Ned Block | 347 |
Evaluating the Block Approach | 349 |
Play the IG Game | 350 |
Artificial Intelligence II Operational Perspective | 353 |
The Practical World of Artificial Intelligence | 354 |
Approaches to the Design of Intelligent Agents | 356 |
Machine Intelligence Knowledge and Machine Reasoning | 357 |
Evaluation of the Cyc Project | 359 |
Characteristics of Knowledge Representation | 360 |
Knowledge Representation Technologies | 362 |
Semantic Networks | 364 |
Frames | 365 |
Cases | 366 |
Machine Reasoning | 367 |
Logical Reasoning Deduction Abduction Induction | 370 |
Drawing Inferences | 372 |
Inductive Reasoning | 379 |
Expert Systems | 380 |
MYCIN | 383 |
Evaluations of Expert Systems | 384 |
Fuzzy Logic | 386 |
Representation of Information in the Fuzzy World | 387 |
Fuzzy Logic Rules | 389 |
Fuzzy Advice for Decision Making or Management | 390 |
Artificial Neural Nets ANNs | 392 |
Overall Evaluation of the Operational Perspective | 393 |
Decision Making | 396 |
Robotics The Ultimate Intelligent Agents | 399 |
Some Robotic Achievements | 402 |
Evaluating Robotic Potentials | 404 |
Evaluation of the LorenzTinbergen Approach | 409 |
Transferring Behavioral Models to Robotics | 410 |
Evaluation of the Biological Basis of Robotics | 411 |
Foundations of Robotic Paradigms | 412 |
Evaluation of Paradigm Foundations | 413 |
Robotic Paradigms | 414 |
Evaluation of the Hierarchical Paradigm | 415 |
The Reactive Paradigm | 416 |
Evaluation of the Reactive Paradigm | 419 |
The Hybrid DeliberativeReactive Paradigm | 420 |
Evaluation of Hybrid Architectures | 423 |
Overall Evaluation of Robots as Ultimate Intelligent Agents | 425 |
Autonomous Robot Architecture AuRA | 426 |
Evaluation of AuRA | 429 |
Conclusion Where We Go From Here | 433 |
An Example of an Integrated Program of Study | 434 |
The Philosophical Approach | 435 |
The Neuroscience Approach | 437 |
The Evolutionary Approach | 438 |
The Robotics Approach | 439 |
Specific Issues Facing Cognitive Science | 440 |
Emotions | 441 |
Consciousness | 443 |
Physical Environments | 444 |
Social Environments | 446 |
Individual and Cultural Differences | 448 |
Enhancing Cognitive Science | 449 |
The Role of Integration | 452 |
Integration Across Disciplines | 453 |
Integration Across Methodologies | 454 |
Multiagent Systems | 455 |
Evaluating Theories of Mind | 457 |
Glossary | 459 |
References | 483 |
Name Index | 505 |
513 | |
About the Authors | |
Other editions - View all
Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind Jay Friedenberg,Gordon Silverman Limited preview - 2011 |
Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind Jay Friedenberg,Gordon Silverman No preview available - 2011 |
Common terms and phrases
ability action activity agents algorithm animal architecture artificial intelligence artificial neural networks attention behavior brain areas Broca's area cell chapter Cognitive Approach cognitive psychology cognitive science concept consciousness cortex declarative memory described discussed elements environment Evaluating evolutionary evolutionary psychology example experience Figure function Fuzzy Logic Gestalt goal Hierarchical hippocampus human idea individual information processing input interaction knowledge Kosslyn layer learning linguistic lobe long-term memory machine mental Minds On Exercise neural networks neurons neuroscience nodes object operations organization output Paradigm parietal lobe participants patients pattern recognition perception perform perspective Philosophical physical problem solving proposition question reasoning represent representation response robot Robotic Paradigms rules schema selection semantic networks sensory sentence solution spatial specific stimulus strong AI structure symbols target task theory thought tion Turing understanding visual words
References to this book
The Phenomenological Mind: An Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and ... Shaun Gallagher,Dan Zahavi No preview available - 2008 |