and even stir the towns themselves to solicit foreign aid, with promise to cast themselves into their protection." In order to prevent which, he submits to their lordship's consideration, the following particulars :

"As all pain and anguish, impatient of the present, doth use change for a remedy, so (says his lordship) will it be impossible for us to settle the minds of those people into a peace, or reduce them unto order, while they feel the smart of these sensible griefs, and apparent fears, which I have remembered to your lordships, without some hopes of redress and security." After which he tells them, "that they should be advised how they punished in their bodies and goods, such merely for religion, as did profess to be faithful subjects, and against whom the contrary could not be proved,* that it would as much avail the speedy settlement of Ireland, as any thing, if it would please her majesty to deal liberally with the Irish lords of the country, or such as were of good reputation among them, in the distribution of such lands as they formerly possessed, or such as the state could make little use of for her majesty. If they continue (adds his lordship) as they ought to do, and yield the queen as much commodity, as she may otherwise expect, she hath made a good purchase of such subjects for such lands." Lord Verulam,3 in a letter to secretary Cecil, about the same time, earnestly recommended the same lenity and forbearance, with respect to these people. "I think," says he, "that much letting of blood in the decline of the disease, is against all method of cure; that it will but exasperate necessity and despair; and, perchance, discover the hollowness of that which is done already; which none blazeth to the best shew. But of all other points, to my understanding, the most effectual is the well expressing or impressing, of the design of England on that miserable and desolate nation; that the queen seeketh not an extirpation of the people, but a reduction; and now that she hath chastised. them by royal power and arms, according to the necessity of the occasion, that her majesty taketh no pleasure in the effusion of blood, and the displanting of antient generations."

3 Scrinia Sacra.

It is worthy of notice, that all the cities and towns in the kingdom, tho' chiefly inhabited by the catholic natives, continued loyal to the queen during this war.

And then, as to the matter of religion, « All divines," proceeds his lordship, "do agree, that if conscience be to be enforced (wherein they differ), yet two things must precede its enforcement; the one, means of information, the other, time of operation; neither of which they (the Irish) have yet had. And there is no doubt, but to wrestle with them is directly opposite to their reclaim, and therefore a toleration of religion, for a time not definite, seems to me to be a matter warrantable by religion, and in policy of absolute necessity: and the hesitation of this, I think, hath been a great casting back of affairs inf Ireland."*

CHAP. VIII.

Proclamation of pardon to the province of Munster. THE Irish, during the whole time of this war, seem to have acted chiefly on the defensive, notwithstanding the vast destruction by fire, sword and famine, which the chief governors of Ireland still carried through every part of their country. Of this destruction the queen herself expressed a very sensible feeling, when she declared on that occasion, "That she feared the same reproach might be made to her, which was formerly made by Bato to Tiberius, viz. It is you! you! that are to blame for these things, who have committed your flocks, not to shepherds, but to wolves."

This private declaration of pity, her majesty soon after seconded by a public act of truly royal beneficence, in facilitating

1 Cambden's Elizabeth, circa initium.

A very singular anecdote of archbishop Tillotson, relative to this subject, is worthy of notice. "John Howe, a dissenting minister, who had been chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, and was one of the most polite and learned writers among the dissenters," having found," that his friend Dr. Tillotson asserted in a sermon, preached at court the 2d of April, 1680, 'that no man, without an extraordinary commission from heaven, testified by working miracles, as the apostles did, ought to affront the established religion of a nation, though it be false; and openly to draw men off from the profession of it, in contempt of the magistrates and the law, &c.' Mr. Howe did not only write him a long letter upon this erroneous doctrine, but expostulated with him upon it, in a friendly manner: upon which Dr. Tillotson burst into tears, and frankly acknowleged that it was not to be jus tified."-Grainger's Biograph. Hist. vol. iii. p. 312,

and inviting some of these misguided people's speedy return to their duty. But her gracious intentions and commands in that respect, were in a great measure neglected or disobeyed, by her principal ministers in that kingdom.

"In December 1600, the queen dispatched an order to lord deputy Mountjoy, to grant a general pardon to all, and every the inhabitants of Munster, of what condition or state soever; thereby to remove from them all suspicion of impeachment for their former offences ;"" whereunto," adds her majesty," the greatest part of them have been violently carried, rather by the power of the arch-traitors (whom she therefore excepts from pardon), than by any wilful defection in their loyalty." "And to the end the people, wasted with the misery of these wars, might not be burthened with the expences in the obtaining their pardons, or putting in security for the peace, even when needful; her pleasure was, that the fees of the seal should be either wholly remitted, or so moderated by the lord deputy and council, that her subjects might have cause the more dutifully and gladly, to embrace her princely clemency and bounty, in that her gracious and free pardon."

In less than two months after the publication of this order,3 upwards of four thousand of the inhabitants of that province submitted, for protection, to the lord president. All these, however, contrary to her majesty's express commands, "his lordship obliged to put in such pledges, as no governor in former times ever had done the like." How little he observed her majesty's gracious commands of forgiveness, in other respects, appears from an history, which he himself has left us,†

2 Pacata Hibernia, fol. 116. 3 Id. ib. f. 121. 4 Id. ib.

One of the reasons mentioned by sir George Carew for her majesty's granting this free and general pardon, was," that there were many poor women and children, that had no ability to be at the charge of suing for their pardons. Pacat. Hibern. f. 97.-By which we may see what sort of people were then deemed rebels in Ireland.

"Sir George Carew," says Grainger, "knew how to record, as well as how to act, great things; and has given us in his Pacata Hibernia, a history of the wars in Ireland, in which he was himself a principal agent; written with the unaffected openess and sincerity of a soldier. He was a lover of antiquities, and left four volumes of his collections relating to Ireland, to the Bodleian Library." He adds in a note, "the inscription on the print (of Pacata Hibernia) plainly intimates that he was the author

E

of the two last years of this war. From whence we may probably conclude, that he who was not ashamed to publish such inhuman actions of his own, as are there recorded, did not scruple to order, or commit others, if possible, more inhuman, which he took care to suppress.

CHAP. IX.

The Spaniards invade Ireland.

ON the 23d of September, 1601, the Spaniards* under dør Juan D'Aguila, landed at Kinsale, full of confidence, that they would be immediately joined, in their hostile attempts on the kingdom, bywall the discontented Irish. But herein they were greatly disappointed; for "no Irish of account," says Morrisson, repaired to them, except some dependents of Florence McCarty, who was then in prison, and had invited them over." And although don Juan, immediately after his landing, published a manifesto, wherein he solemnly declared,

Pacata Hibern. fol. 136.

2 Id. ib. 3 Id. ib. fol. 200.

of this book; but it appears from the preface, that it was digested from his papers by another hand.”—Biograph. Hist. of Eng, vol. ii. p. 133.

"It was not," says sir George Carew, "religion or conscience that Brought the Spaniards to relieve the Irish, but only revenge for the queen's aiding the states of the Low Countries against Spain." Pac. Hib. fol. 275. "The king of Spain begun that action (invasion of Ireland) on a false ground, to find a powerful party in that kingdom on his first descent." Lords of the English council to lord deputy Mountjoy.—Morriss. fol. 186.

"Let us consider the provocations, that is the wrongs, which we (English) first did unto them (Spain): let us remember the money intercepted, which the king (of Spain) was sending to D'Alva, the loss whereof at that time hazarded well nigh the loss of all the Netherland Provinces, so lately reduced: the assistance given to the prince of Orange by Gilbert Morgan, and others; the first voyage of sir Francis Drake; the sacking of St. Domingo; the protection of Holland by Leicester; the infinite depredations, letters of mart executed, to the infinite damage of the Spaniards; besides the invectives that were in every pulpit, the ballads and libels in every press, were provocations such as flesh and blood would not endure in the meanest persons, Can any wise man think, that the king of Spain should not be sensible of such indignities? was it not probable, nay, was it not equal, that he should send a fury to Kinsale to revenge wrongs.”—Hierus, & Babel. 2d edit. p. 13, 14.

these

that his design in this expedition, was to rescue them* from that oppression and slavery, which they had so long groaned under on account of their religion, (which also he promised to re-establish in a free and flourishing state) yet he found the generality of these people, and even many of their clergy,t so unwilling to assist him, even for these desirable purpes, " that he conceived a just disdain and spleen against the na tion." This is confirmed by lord deputy Mountjoy himself, who informed the English council," that don Juan, and his Spaniards, conceived malice against the Irish, in whose aid they too late discovered no confidence could be placed.

5 Morriss. History of Ireland, fol. 122.

It is

4 Id. ib. fol. 224. "But in despite of all these pathetic exhortations, the provincials of Munster were as yet so reluctant to engage ip any new rebellion, that on the arrival of the lord deputy, at Cork, several of their chieftains presente ed themselves before him, with most vehement assurances of their loyalty." So that" the Spaniards, who came with a vain hope of meeting a whole kingdom at their devotion, now found themselves confined within an inconsiderable town, unassisted by the natives, and besieged by the queen's forces."-Lel. Hist. of Ir. p. 396.

+"Candour obliges us to acknowledge, that the Romish clergy, at this time, did not uniformly concur in exciting the Irish to insurrections. Sullivan himself confesses, (although it was his business to represent the religious zeal of his countrymen in the most advantageous point of view) that a considerable party among the clergy, recommended a dutiful submission to the government, and opposed the practices of their more intemperate brethren."-Leland's Hist. of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 306.

Morrisson affirms," that the reason moving don Juan afterwards to make the surrender of Kinsale, was the malice, he and the Spaniards had against the Irish; in whose aid, they too late discovered no confidence, could judicially be placed."—History of Ireland, fol. 192.

One of the means lord Mountjoy made use of to gain over the Irish to him against the Spaniards, was the following: there were some of them, "who having no living, nor any thing that would afford them maintenance, yet had not shewn themselves disloyal, though all of them were swordsmen, and many of them gentlemen by descent, and able to draw after them many followers to whom the Spaniards made offer of great entertainment; those he proposed to take into her majesty's army, being confident that he should make good use of them against the Spaniards, as he meant thoroughly to put them to it. And of this, he assured the lords of the council, that when they had served his turn against the Spaniards, he could, without danger, ease her majesty of that charge, and would no longer hold them in entertainment. In the mean time (adds he) they shall spend little of the queen's victual; but being paid in the new coin (iu a