Stimulant Drugs and ADHD: Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMary V. Solanto, Amy Frances Torrance Arnsten, F. Xavier Castellanos Stimulant drugs are widely used in the treatment of ADHD in children and adults. Hundreds of studies over the past 60 years have demonstrated their effectiveness in improving attention span, increasing impulse control, and reducing hyperactivity and restlessness. Despite widespread interest in these compounds, however, their mechanisms of action in the central nervous system have remained poorly understood. Recent advances in the basic and clinical neurosciences now afford the possibility of elucidating these mechanisms. The current volume is the first to bring this expanding knowledge to bear on the central question of why and how stimulants exert their therapeutic effects. The result is a careful, comprehensive, and insightful integration of material by well-known scientists that significantly advances our understanding of stimulant effects and charts a course for future research. Part I presents a comprehensive description of the clinical features of ADHD and the clinical response to stimulants. Part II details the cortical and subcortical neuroanatomy and functional neurophysiology of dopamine and norepinephrine systems with respect to the regulation of attention, arousal, activity, and impulse control and the effects of stimulants on these systems. Part III is devoted to clinical research, including recent studies of neuroimaging, genetics, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of stimulants, effects on cognitive functions, neurophysiological effects in humans with and without ADHD and in non-human primates, and comparison of stimulants and non-stimulants in the treatment of ADHD. Part IV is a masterful synthesis that presents alternative models of stimulant drug action and generates key hypotheses for continued research. The volume will be of keen interest to researchers and clinicians in psychiatry, psychology, and neurology, neuroscientists studying stimulants, and those pursuing development of new drugs to treat ADHD. |
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Contents
Clinical Effects of Stimulant Medication in ADHD | 31 |
Introduction | 73 |
Stimulant Effects on Striatal and Cortical Dopamine Systems Involved | 104 |
Arousal and AttentionRelated Actions of the Locus Coeruleus | 158 |
Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Influences on Cognitive Functions | 185 |
A Review of Rodent Models of ADHD | 209 |
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat as a Model of ADHD | 221 |
Introduction | 239 |
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Methylphenidate | 259 |
Cognitive Pharmacology of Stimulants in Children with ADHD | 283 |
Comparative Psychopharmacology of Methylphenidate and Related Drugs | 303 |
Comparing the Effects of Stimulant and NonStimulant Agents | 332 |
INTEGRATION | 351 |
The Behavior of Children Receiving Benzedrine | 381 |
389 | |
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Common terms and phrases
Acad Child Adolesc actions ADHD children administration adults agonists alpha-2 amphetamine amygdala animal model Arnsten attention deficit disorder attention deficit hyperactivity attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder autoreceptors axons behavior Berridge Biederman Brain Res Castellanos catecholamine Chapter Child Adolesc Psychiatry children with ADHD clinical clonidine comorbid cortical D1 receptor decreased deficit hyperactivity disorder density dextroamphetamine dopamine dopaminergic effects of methylphenidate effects of stimulants enhanced genetic Goldman-Rakic Greenhill guanfacine human hyperactive children hypertensive impaired increase inhibition innervation lesions levels locus coeruleus mediated medication methylphenidate mg/kg modulation monkeys monoamine motor neural neurons Neurosci noradrenergic norepinephrine normal nucleus accumbens patients performance Pharmacol phasic phenidate placebo prefrontal cortex primate processes Psychiatry psychomotor stimulant Psychopharmacology psychostimulants Rapport rates rats regions reinforcement release response Robbins Sagvolden Sahakian sensitive Solanto spatial working memory stimulant drugs striatal striatum studies subtypes suggest Swanson symptoms synaptic task tion tonic treatment of ADHD ventral