The chief captain, fearing that Paul would be pulled into pieces by them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them.

Nay, weep not, gentle Eros; there are left us
Ourselves to end ourselves.

CORRECTIONS UNDER THE GENERAL RULE.

Are there, then, more true religions than one?

The laws of Lycurgus but substituted insensibility for enjoyment.
Rain is seldom or never seen at Lima.

The young bird raising its open mouth for food, exhibits a natural indication of corporeal want.

There is much truth in Ascham's observation.

Adopting the doctrine in which he had been taught—or, Adopting the doctrine which had been taught him.

This library contained more than five hundred thousand volumes.

The Coptic Alphabet was one of the latest that were formed.

There are many evidences of men's proneness to vice.

To perceive nothing, and not to perceive, are the same-or, To perceive nothing, is the same as not to perceive.

The king of France or of England, was to be the umpire.

He may be said to have saved the life of a citizen; and, consequently, he is entitled [or, to be entitled] to the reward.

The men had made inquiry for Simon's house, and were standing before the gate.

Give no more trouble than you cannot possibly help.

That the art of printing was then unknown, was a circumstance in some respects favourable to the freedom of the pen.

An other passion which the present age is apt to run into, is a desire to make children learn all things.

It requires few talents to which most men are not born, or which, at least, they may not acquire.

Nor was Philip wanting in his endeavours to corrupt Demosthenes, as he had corrupted most of the leading men in Greece.

The Greeks, fearing to be surrounded, wheeled about and halted, with the river behind them.

Poverty turns our thoughts too much upon the supplying of our wants; and riches, upon the enjoying of our superfluities.

That brother should not war with brother,
Nor one despise and grieve an other.
Such is the refuge of our youth and age;
At first from hope, at last from vacancy—or,
Such is the refuge of our youth and age;
Of that from hope, of this from vacancy.
Triumphant Sylla! couldst thou then divine,
By ought but Romans Rome should thus be laid?

END OF THE FIRST KEY.

APPENDIX I.

(ORTHOGRAPHY.)

OF THE SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.

OBS. 1.-The Names of the letters, as now commonly spoken and written, are mostly framed with reference to their powers. Yet is there no letter of which the name is always identical with its power; for A, E, I, O, and U, are the only letters which can name themselves, and all these have other sounds than those which their names express. Letters, like all other things, must be learned and spoken of by their names, nor can they be spoken of otherwise; yet, as the simple characters are better known and more easily exhibited than their written names, the former are often substituted for the latter, and are read as the words for which they are assumed. Hence the orthography of these words has hitherto been left too much to mere fancy or caprice; so that many who think themselves well educated, would be puzzled to name on paper these simple elements of all learning. Nay, there can be found a hundred men who can write the names of the letters in Hebrew or in Greek, for one who can do it properly in English.

OBS. 2.-The names of the letters are words of a very peculiar kind; being nouns that are at once both proper and common. For, in respect to rank, character, and design, each letter is a thing strictly individual and identical; yet, in an other respect, it is a comprehensive sort, embracing individuals both various and numberless. The name of a letter, therefore, should always be written with a capital, as a proper noun; and should form the plural regularly, as an ordinary appellative. Thus: (if we adopt the names now most generally used in English schools :) A, Aes; Bee, Bees; Cee, Cecs; Dee, Dees; E, Ees; Ef, Effs; Gee, Gees; Aitch, Aitches; I, Ies; Jay, Jays; Kay, Kays; Ell, Ells; Em, Ems; En, Ens; O, Oes, Pee, Pees; Kue, Kues; Ar, Ars; Ess, Esses; Tee, Tees; U, Ues; Vee, Vees; Double-u, Double-ues; Ex, Exes; Wy, Wies; Zee, Zees.

OBS. 3.-The terms long and short, which are often used to denote certain vowel sounds, being also used, with a different import, to distinguish the quantity of syllables, are frequently misunderstood: for which reason we have substituted for them the terms open and close-the former, to denote the sound usually given to a vowel when it forms or ends an accented syllable; as, ba, be, bi, bo, bu, by-the latter, to denote the sound which the vowel commonly takes when closed by a consonant; as, ab, eb, ib, ob, ub.

A

The vowel A has four* sounds properly its own:

1. The English, open, or long a; as in fame, favour, efficacious.

2. The French, close, or short a; as in bat, banner, balance.

3. The Italian, or middle a; as in far, father, aha, comma, scoria, sofa. 4. The Dutch, or broad a; as in wall, warm, water.

*Some writers distinguish from the first of these sounds the grave sound of a, heard in care, fair, there, &c. But Walker teaches no difference.

DIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH A.

The only proper diphthong in which a is put first, is the word ay, meaning yes; in which a has its middle sound, and y that of open e.

Aa, when pronounced as an improper diphthong, takes the sound of close a; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac.

E, a Latin improper diphthong, generally has the sound of open e; as in Cæsar, ænigma, paan; sometimes that of close e; as in apheresis, diæresis, et cætera. Some authors reject the a, and write Cesar, enigma, &c.

Ai, an improper diphthong, generally has the sound of open a; as in vail, sail, vain. În a final unaccented syllable, it sometimes preserves the first sound of a, as in chilblain, mortmain; but oftener takes the sound of close i ; as in certain, curtain, mountain, villain: in said, saith, again, and against, that of close e; and in the name Britain, that of close u.

Ao, an improper diphthong, occurs in the word gaol; now frequently written, as it is pronounced, jail; and in the adjective extraordinary, and its derivatives, in which, according to Walker, the a is silent.

Au, an improper diphthong, is generally sounded like broad a; as in cause, caught. Before n and an other consonant, it has the sound of middle a; as in aunt, flaunt, launch, laundry. Gauge is pronounced gage.

Aw, an improper diphthong, is always sounded like broad a; as in draw, drawn, drawl.

Ay, an improper diphthong, like ai, has the sound of open a; as in day, pay, delay: in sayst and says, that of close e.

TRIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH A.

Awe is sounded au, like broad a. Aye, an adverb signifying always, has the sound of open a only, being different, both in sound and spelling, from the adverb ay, yes, with which it is often carelessly confounded.

B

The consonant B has but one sound; as in boy, robber, cub.

B is silent before t or after m in the same syllable; as in debt, debtor, dumb, lamb. It is heard in subtile, fine, but not in subtle, cunning.

C

The consonant C has two sounds; the one hard like that of k, the other soft, or rather hissing, like that of s.

Ċ before a, o, u, l, r, t, or when it ends a syllable, is generally hard like k; as in can, come, curb, clay, crab, act, action, accent, flaccid.

C before e, i, or y, is always soft like s; as in cent, civil, decency, acid. In a few words e takes the flat sound of s, like that of z; as in discern, suffice, sacrifice, sice.

C before ea, ia, ie, io, or eou, when the accent precedes, sounds like sh; as in ocean, special, species, gracious, cetaceous.

C is silent in czar, czarina, victuals, indict, muscle, corpuscle.

Ch is generally sounded like tch: as in church, chance, child. But in words derived from the learned languages, it has the sound of k: as in character, scheme, catechise, chorus, chyle, patriarch, drachma, magna charta: except in chart, charter, charity. Ch, in words derived from the French, takes the sound of sh; as in chaise, machine.

Arch, before a vowel, is pronounced ark; as in archives, archangel, archipelago: except in arched, archer, archery, archenemy. Before a consonant, it is pronounced artch; as in archbishop, archduke.

Ch is silent in schedule, schism, yatch, drachm.

D

The general sound of the consonant D, is heard in dog, eddy, did.

D, in the termination ed, preceded by a sharp consonant, takes the sound of t, when the e is suppressed: as in faced, stuffed, cracked, tripped, passed; pronounced, faste, stuft, cract, tript, past.

D before ia, ie, io, or cou, when the accent precedes, generally sounds like j; as in Indian, soldier, tedious, hideous. So in verdure, arduous, edu

cation.

E

The vowel E has three sounds properly its own:

1. The open or long; as in me, mere, menial, melodious.

2. The close or short; as in men, merry, ebony.

3. The obscure; as in open, garden, shovel, able. This third sound is scarcely perceptible, and is barely sufficient to articulate the consonant and form a syllable.

E final is mute, and belongs to the syllable formed by the preceding vowel or diphthong; as in age, eve, ice, ore. Except-1. In the words, be, he, me, we, she, and the, in which it has the open sound. 2. In Greek and Latin words, in which it has its open sound, and forms a distinct syllable; as in Penel ope, Pasiphaë, Cyanee, Gargaphië, Arsinoë, apostrophe, catastrophe, simile, extempore, epitome. 3. In the terminations cre, gre, tre, in which it has the sound of close u; as in acre, meagre, centre.

Mute e, after a single consonant, generally preserves the open or long sound of the preceding vowel; as in cane, here, pine, cone, tune, thyme: except in syllables unaccented; as the last of genuine; and in a few monosyllables; as bade, are, were, gone, shone, one, done, give, live, shove,

love.

DIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH E.

E before an other vowel, in general, either forms with it an improper diphthong, or else belongs to a separate syllable.

Ea, an improper diphthong, mostly sounds like open e; as in ear, fear, tea: frequently like close e; as in earl, head, health: sometimes like open a; as in steak, bear, forswear: rarely, like middle a; as in heart, hearth, hearkEa unaccented, sounds like close u; as in vengeance, pageant. Ee, an improper diphthong, has the sounds of open a; as in eel, sheep, The contractions e'er and ne'er, are pronounced air and nair.

en.

tree.

Ei, an improper diphthong, mostly sounds like open a; as in reign, veil: frequently like open e; as in deceit, either, neither, seize: sometimes, like open i; as in height, sleight: often in unaccented syllables, like close i; as in foreign, forfeit, surfeit, sovereign: rarely, like close e; as in heifer, nonpareil.

Eo, an improper diphthong, in people sounds like open e; in feoff, feoffment, leopard, jeopardy, like close e; in yeoman, like open o; in George, georgic, like close o; in dungeon, puncheon, sturgeon, &c., like close u. Feod, feodal, feodatory, are now written as they are pronounced, feud, feudal, feudatory.

Eu and ew have the diphthongal sound of open u; as in feud, deuce; jew, dew, few, new. These diphthongs when initial, sound like yu. Nouns beginning with this sound, require the article a, and not an, before them; as, A European, a euer. After r or rh, eu and ew are commonly sounded like oo; as in drew, grew, screw, rheumatism. Shew and strew are

In sew and Shrewsbury, ew sounds like open o. properly spelled, as they are pronounced, show, strow.

Ey, accented, has the sound of open a; as in bey, prey, survey: unac cented, it has the sound of open e; as in alley, valley, money. Key and ley are pronounced, kee, lee.

TRIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH E.

Eau, a French triphthong, sounds like open o; as in beau, flambeau, portmanteau, bureau: except in beauty, and its compounds, in which it is pronounced like open u.

Eou is a combination of vowels sometimes heard in one syllable, especially after c or g; as in crus-ta-ceous, gor-geous. Walker, in his Rhyming Dictionary, gives one hundred and twenty words ending in eous, in all of which he separates these vowels; as in extra-ne-ous. And why, in his Pronouncing Dictionary, he gave us several such anomalies as fa-ba-ce-ous in four syllables, and her-ba-ceous in three, it is not easy to tell. The best rule is this: after c or g, unite these vowels; after the other consonants, separate them.

Ewe is a triphthong having the sound of yu. The vulgar pronunciation yoe should be carefully avoided.

Eye is an improper triphthong, pronounced like open i.

F

The consonant F has one unvaried sound, which is heard in fan, effort, staff: except of, which, when simple, is pronounced ov.

G

The consonant G has two sounds; the one hard, guttural, and peculiar to this letter; the other soft, like that of j.

G before a, o, u, l, r, or at the end of a word, is hard; as in game, gone, gull, glory, grace, log, bog.

G before e, i, or y, is soft; as in gem, ginger, elegy. Except-1. In get, give, gewgaw, finger, and a few other words. 2. When a syllable is added to a word ending in g: as, long, longer; fog, foggy.

G is silent before m or n in the same syllable; as in phlegm, apothegm, gnaw, resign.

G when silent, usually lengthens the preceding vowel; as in resign, impugn, impregn.

Gh at the beginning of a word has the sound of g hard; as in ghost, ghostly, ghastly: in other situations, it is generally silent; as in high, mighty, plough, bough, through.

Gh final sometimes sounds like f; as in laugh, rough, tough: and sometimes, like g hard; as in burgh. In hough, lough, shough, it sounds like k; thus, hock, lock, shock.

H

The sound of the consonant H, (though articulate and audible when properly uttered,) is little more than an aspirate breathing. It is heard in hat, hit, hot, hut, adhere.

H at the beginning of words, is always sounded; except in heir, herb, honest, honour, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, and their com pounds.

H after r, is always silent; as rheum, rhetoric.

H final, preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, is always silent; as in ah, Sarah, Nineveh.

I

The vowel I has three sounds properly its own:

1. The open or long; as in life, fine, time, find, bind, child, mild, wild,