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2. Of affirmation; as, Yes, yea, ay, verily, truly, indeed, surely, certainly, doubtless, undoubtedly, certes, forsooth, amen.

3. Of negation; as, No, nay, not, nowise.

4. Of doubt; as, Perhaps, haply, possibly, perchance, per adventure, may-be.

5. Of mode; as, Thus, so, how, somehow, however, howsoever, like, else, otherwise, across, together, apart, asunder, namely, particularly, necessa rily.

6. Of cause; as, Why, wherefore, therefore.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

Adverbs sometimes perform the office of conjunctions, and serve to connect sentences, as well as to express some circumstance of time, place, degree, or manner: adverbs that are so used, are called conjunctive adverbs.

OBS. 1.-Conjunctive adverbs often relate equally to two verbs in different clauses, on which account it is the more necessary to distinguish them from others; as, "They feared when they heard that they were Romans."Acts, xvi. 38.

OBS. 2.—The following words are the most frequently used as conjunctive adverbs: after, again, also, as, before, besides, else, even, hence, however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, since, so, then, thence, therefore, till, until, when, where, wherefore, while or whilst.

OBS. 3.-Adverbs of time, place, and manner, are generally connected with verbs or participles; those of degree are more frequently prefixed to adjectives or adverbs.

OBS. 4.—The adverbs here, there, and where, when prefixed to prepositions, have the force of pronouns: as, Hereby, for by this; thereby, for by that; whereby, for by which. Compounds of this kind are, however, commonly reckoned adverbs. They are now somewhat antiquated.

OBS. 5.-The adverbs how, when, whence, where, whither, why, and wherefore, are frequently used as interrogatives; but, as such, they severally belong to the classes under which they are placed.

MODIFICATIONS.

Adverbs have no modifications, except that a few are compared after the manner of adjectives; as, Soon, sooner, soonest-often, oftener, oftenest-long, longer, longest.

The following are irregularly compared: well, better, best; badly or ill, worse, worst; little, less, least; much, more, most; far, farther, farthest; forth, further, furthest.

OBS. 1.-Most adverbs of quality, will admit the comparative adverbs more and most, less and least, before them: as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely; culpably, less culpably, least culpably. But these should be parsed separately; the degree of comparison belongs only to the adverb prefixed.

OBS. 2.-As comparison does not belong to adverbs in general, it should not be mentioned in parsing, except in the case of those few which are varied by it.

OF THE CONJUNCTION.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sen

tences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so connected: as, Thou and he are happy, because you are good.

CLASSES.

Conjunctions are divided into two classes; copulative and disjunctive.

I. A copulative conjunction is a conjunction that denotes an addition, a cause, or a supposition: as, He and I shall not dispute; for, if he has any choice, I shall readily grant it.

II. A disjunctive conjunction is a conjunction that denotes opposition of meaning: as, "Be not overcome [by] evil, but overcome evil with good."-Rom. xii. 21.

LIST OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

The following are the principal conjunctions:
1. Copulative; and, as, both, because, for, if, that.

2. Disjunctive; or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, notwithstanding.

OF THE PREPOSITION.

A Preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, The paper lies before me on the desk.

OBS.-Every relation of course implies more than one subject. In all correct language, the grammatical relation of the words corresponds exactly to the relation of the things or ideas expressed; for the relation of words, is their dependence on each other according to the sense. To a preposition, the antecedent term of relation may be a noun, an adjective, a pronoun, a verb, a participle, or an adverb; and the subsequent term may be a noun, a pronoun, an infinitive verb, or a participle. The learner must observe that the terms of relation are frequently transposed.

LIST OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

The following are the principal prepositions, arranged alphabetically: Above, about, aboard, across, after, against, along, amid or amidst, among or amongst, around, at, athwart-Before, behind, below, beneath, beside or besides, between or betwixt, beyond, byConcerning-Down, during-Except, excepting-For, from—In, into-Notwithstanding-Of, off, on, out-of, over, overthwart Past Round-Since-Through, throughout, till, to, touching, toward or towards-Under, underneath, until, unto, up, uponWith, within, without.

OBS.-The words in the preceding list are generally prepositions. But when any of them are employed without a subsequent term of relation, they are adverbs. For, when it signifies because, is a conjunction: without, when used for unless, and notwithstanding, when placed before a nominative, are referred to the same class.

OF THE INTERJECTION.

An Interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind: as, Oh! alas!

OBS. Of pure interjections but few are admitted into books. As words or sounds of this kind serve rather to indicate feeling than to express thought, they seldom have any definable signification. Their use also is so variable, that there can be no very accurate classification of them. Some significant words properly belonging to other classes, are ranked with interjections, when uttered with emotion and in an unconnected

manner.

LIST OF THE INTERJECTIONS.

The following are the principal interjections, arranged according to the emotions which they are generally intended to indicate-1. Of joy; eigh! hey! io!-2. Of sorrow; oh! ah! alas! alack! welladay!-3. Of wonder; heigh! ha! strange!— 4. Of wishing or earnestness; (often with a noun or pronoun in a direct address ;) O!—5. Of pain; oh! ah! eh!—6. Of contempt; fudge! pugh! poh! pshaw! pish! tush! tut!7. Of aversion; foh! fie! off! begone! avaunt!-8. Of calling aloud; ho! soho! holla!-9. Of exultation; aha! huzza! heyday! hurrah!--10. Of laughter; ha, ha, ha.-11. Of salutation; welcome! hail! all-hail!--12. Of calling to attention; lo! behold! look! see! hark!—13. Of calling to silence; hush! hist! mum!-14. Of surprise; oh! ha! hah! what!—15. Of languor; heigh-ho!--16. Of stopping; avast! whoh!

OBS.-Besides these, there are several others, too often heard, which are unworthy to be considered as parts of a cultivated language. The frequent use of interjections, savours more of thoughtlessness than of sensibility.

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CHAPTER VI.-ETYMOLOGICAL.

In the Sixth Chapter, it is required of the pupil-to distinguish and define the different parts of speech, and all their classes and modifications.

The definitions to be given in the Sixth Chapter, are two for an article, six for a noun, three for an adjective, six for a pronoun, seven for a verb, two for a participle, two (and

sometimes three) for an adverb, two for a conjunction, one for a preposition, and two for an interjection. Thus:

EXAMPLE PARSED.

"O! sooner shall the earth and stars fall into chaos !"

O! is an interjection, indicating earnestness.

1. An interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind.

2. The interjection of wishing or earnestness, is O.

Sooner is an adverb of time, of the comparative degree; compared, soon, sooner, soonest.

1. An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or

manner.

2. Adverbs of time are those which answer to the question when? or how often?

3. The comparative degree is that which exceeds the positive. Shall is an auxiliary to fall.

An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other verb, to express some particular mode and time of the being, action, or passion.

The is the definite article.

1. An article is a word placed before nouns, to limit their significa

tion.

2. The definite article is the, which denotes some particular thing or things.

Earth is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gen

der, and nominative case.

1. A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned.

2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class of things.

3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of.

4. The singular number is that which denotes but one.

5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female.

6. The nominative case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which denotes the subject of a verb.

And is a copulative conjunction.

1. A conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so con

nected.

2. A copulative conjunction is a conjunction that denotes an addition, a cause, or a supposition.

Stars is a common noun, of the third person, plural number, neuter gender, and nominative case.

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1. A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known

or mentioned.

2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class of things.

3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of.

4. The plural number is that which denotes more than one.

5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male

nor female.

6. The nominative case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which denotes the subject of a verb.

Shall fall is an irregular active-intransitive verb, from fall, fell, falling, fallen; found in the indicative mood, first-future tense, third person, and plural number.

1. A verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon.
2. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the
perfect participle by assuming d or ed.

3. An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which
has no person or thing for its object.

4. The indicative mood is that form of the verb, which simply indicates or declares a thing, or asks a question.

5. The first-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter.

6. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of.

7. The plural number is that which denotes more than one.

Into is a preposition.

1. A preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a

noun or a pronoun.

Chaos is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case.

1. A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned.

2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class of things.

3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of

4. The singular number is that which denotes but one

5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female.

6. The objective case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which denotes the object of a verb, participle, or preposition.

LESSON I.

There is nothing which more engages the affections of men, than a handsome address and graceful conversation.

It is a sign of great prudence, to be willing to receive instruction; the most intelligent persons sometimes stand in need of it.

Good-nature in a companion is more agreeable than wit; and gives a certain air to the countenance, which is more amiable than beauty.

Men of the noblest dispositions, think themselves happiest, when others share with them in their happiness.

Then near approaching, 'Father, hail!' he cried;

And, 'Hail, my son!' the reverend sire replied.-Parnel.

LESSON II.

Ingratitude is a crime so shameful, that no one has ever yet been found, who would acknowledge himself guilty of it. True greatness of mind is to be maintained only by Chris tian principles.

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