sensation, but it has also a feeling side. The classification, in abbreviated form, is as follows: (5) Touch-pressure, pain, warmth, cold, etc. And 100 or more others, through the whole alphabet. (b) Unpleasant-pleasant Series (1) Abhorrence-attraction (2) Boldness-bashfulness (3) Cowardice-courage And 100 or more others, through the whole alphabet. (II) Emotions (a) As to persons (1) Egoistic (Self) (2) Altruistic (Others) (3) Religious (God) (b) As to things (1) Speculative, or intellectual (Truth) (3) Moral (Goodness) The sensory feelings are such as are aroused by some excitement of the nervous organism in connection with the sensations. The appetites are feelings occasioned by the vital wants of the body. The affections are the simpler feelings based on ideation. The emotions are the more complex ideational feelings. The affections and emotions glide imperceptibly into each other. The egoistic emotions refer to the self; the altruistic, to others; the religious, to God and worship; the speculative, to truth and knowledge; the aesthetic, to beauty of every kindface, form, line, tone, wit, humor, nature, art, character, etc.; the moral, to right and wrong, justice, goodness, duty. The external signs of the feelings may vary greatly, depending on age, sex, temperament, training and other factors. It is with feelings as with waters, The shallow murmur, but the deep are dumb. III. VALUE The feelings are the great motive forces (99) of the human soul. The sensory nerves bring knowledge of the outer world to the soul; the motor nerves carry messages from the soul to the outer world. The knowledge transmitted and created always sets up some kind of feeling in its wake, and this feeling reacts on the knowledge, indeed it becomes a motive power to urge the soul to act. Johnny comes to school against his wishes. He begins to learn. He gets interested, likes his studies, his teachers, his school mates, everything. His pleasure in the school work becomes an incentive to study. Thus the world is ruled by our likes and our dislikes. Interests may abide long after the knowledge which gave rise to them has faded out and sunk down into oblivion. As Feelings are good servants, but bad masters. servants, if of the negative, unpleasant kind, they may utter sharp warnings and urge us to protect ourselves; if of the positive, pleasant sort, they help us to bear our burdens and to look upon life with all its toil and sorrow as very precious and sweet. As masters, they drive men madly onward to satisfy the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes and the pride of life (1 John 2:16); they force men to despair and wreckage, insanity and suicide. The world is no doubt swayed more by feelings than by thought, especially the more fundamental and instinctive feelings. A man commits murder, a crowd lynches a Negro, our country goes to war, all on account of some feeling or other of a disagreeable sort. One man gives his life for his fellowmen on the battlefield, another gives his on the mission field, a third faithfully bends his back over his shovel, all on account of some feeling or other of an agreeable sort. Jacob served seven years for Rachel; and they seemed unto him but a few days, for the love he had for her (Gen. 29:20). A prince of Sweden gave up the right to the throne in order that he might marry a girl of non-royal rank whom he loved. Even the Lord displayed the fundamental place of feeling in psychic life when "He so loved the world that He gave His Only Begotten Son." It is easy to believe in one whom you love, and it is easy to love one in whom you believe. The Bible says that love is necessary to fulfil the Law (Rom. 13:10). A. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS Show how the soul acts as a unit and yet manifests itself in many ways. I. Define feeling as a power. A process. A product. Illustrate each term. Distinguish sharply between pain as knowing and pain as feeling. II. Classify the feelings as to their origin. As to their composition. Define "physical" feelings. Psychical feelings. Sensory feelings. Appetites. Affections. Emotions. Give the subdivisions of each class. Prepare a list of 100 or more pleasant affections and 100 or more of the opposite affections. Discuss the emotions. Illustrate each class. Discuss and illustrate the complexity of feelings. Show how feelings vary as to quality. As to duration. As to intensity. Show how they fluctuate. Illustrate how pleasure turns to pain, and vice versa. Illus III. What is the position and psychic life? What pedagogic value do they trate the variation in the external signs. B. REFERENCES 90. Darwin, Charles R.: "Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals" (1873); Dumont, Leon: "Theorie Scientifique de la Sensibilite" (1875); Hall, Granville Stanley: "Founders of Modern Psychology" (1912), 311-458; Høffding, Harald: "Outline of Psychology" (1891. 1912), 221-307; Maudsley, Henry: "Physiology and Pathology of Mind" (1867), 237: Myers, Charles Samuel: "Text Book of Experimental Psychology" (1914), I, 71-86; Thouless, Robert H.: "Introduction to the Psychology of Religion" (1923), 58-77; Titchener, Edward Bradford: "Experimental Psychology: Qualitative-Instructor's Manual" (1900. 1918), I, 51-80; Schmucker, Samuel Simon: "Psychology" (1842. 1855), 146-197; Spargo, John: "Psychology of Bolshevism" (1919); Nørlund, N. J.: "Sjælelære" (1885), 78-111. 91. James, William: "Psychology" (1892), 375; Lange, Carl: "Om Sindsbevægelser" (1885). 92. Allen, Grant: "Physiological Aesthetics" (1877); Bartholomew, Edward Fry: "Relation of Psychology_to Music" (1899. 1903), 238-268; Norlie, Olaf Morgan: "Principles of Expressive Reading" (1918), 71-99. 93. Baldwin, Joseph: "Psychology Applied to Education" (1887. 1914), 220. 94. Magnusson, Peter Magnus: "Psychology as Applied to Education" (1913), 118-125. 95. White, Emerson E.: "Elements of Pedagogy" (1886), 23-34. 96. Yerkes, Robert Mearns: "Introduction to Psychology" (1911), 148-151. 97. Pleasantness and unpleasantness are the only feelings generally regarded as elementary. See Titchener, Edward Bradford: "Text Book of Psychology" (1909), 225-264. Some have suggested two pairs of feelings-pleasantness and unpleasantness, and restlessness and quiescence. See Royce, Josiah: "Outlines of Psychology" (1903). Some have advocated even three pairs of elementary feelings-pleasantness and unpleasantness, restlessness (or excitement) and quiescence, and tension and relaxation. Wundt is an expounder of this theory. See Woodworth, Robert Sessions: "Psychology" (1921), 184-185; Yerkes, Robert Mearns: "Introduction to Psychology" (1911), 151. 98. Heegaard, S.: "Om Opdragelse" (1881. 1893), 112-119, 289-327; Puffer, Ethel D.: "Psychology of Beauty" (1905); Ribot, Th.: "Phychol ogy of the Emotions" (1897); Sibbern, Fredrik Christian: "Psychologie" (1843. 1862), 408-501; Smyth, Newman: "Religious Feeling" (1877), 1-52. 99. Bain, Alexander: "Emotions and Will" (1859); Bergson, Henri L.: "Le Rire" (1900), 1-205; Dearborn, George Van Ness: "Influence of Joy" (1916): Drummond, Henry: "Greatest Thing in the World" (1890); Høffding, Harald: "Outlines of Psychology" (1891. 1912), 221. 307; Le Bon, Gustave: "Psychology of the Crowd" (1895); Moore, Henry Thomas: "Pain and Pleasure" (1917), 53-75; Richardson, Norman E.: "Religious Education of Adolescents" (1913. 1918), 94-113; Plato: "Symposium" (ca. 360 B. C.). CHAPTER TEN WILLING Saint Augustine (100) speaks of "an indivisible soul which remembers, understands and wills." Here attention is called to the fact that the soul is indivisible and acts as a unit, but that it manifests itself in various faculties, one of which is willing. Augustine gave the will a kingly rank among the faculties of the soul, and for centuries it has been considered as such. Modern science has rather discredited this view, and some recent text books on psychology, as, Hunter's (101) and Watson's (102), do not even mention the will. Some deplore the use of the term, but employ it with a new meaning. Münsterberg (103) explains that the word "will" has besome rather colorless in causal psychology, and that as soon as will is resolved into its elements it is found that none of the elements has any will character. So also it is with the elements of water. When water is reduced to its constituent parts, it is found to consist chemically of two elements-two parts of hydrogen to one part of oxygen, in other words, the elements are two gases, in no wise anything like water. The various powers of the soul may be studied separately, but they can not be thought of as acting separately. There is a constant interaction between know Fig. 39. RELATION OF WILLING TO KNOWING AND FEELING ing, feeling, willing, conscience, and faith, and all the minor powers. There are no clear lines separating one power or process from the other, just as there are no clear boundaries between one ocean and another. Still |
