their king, their government. Whoso disputed this was not wanted in "Our Town on Passaick River." Their whole tenor of life was regulated by their worship, and all things sought to be done strictly "in the Congregational.way." Nobody was wanted among them who could not or would not subscribe to their religious faith, and bind himself to help support the church. "Item," said the ancient requisition, "it is agreed upon, that in case any shall come into us or arise up amongst us that shall willingly or wilfully disturb us in our Peace and Settlements, and especially that would subvert us from the true Religion and worship of God, and cannot or will not keep their opinions to themselves, or be reclaimed after due Time and means of Conviction and reclaiming hath been used; it is unanimously agreed upon and consented unto as a fundamental Agreement and Order, that all Persons so ill disposed and affected shall after notice given them, from the Town, quietly depart the Place seasonably, the town allowing them valuable Considerations for their lands or houses as Indifferent Men shall price them, or else leave them to make the best of them to any Man the Town shall approve of."

In our day, when all surrounding circumstances have changed, and the world is a different, and, let us believe, in the main a better world than it was in that day when goodness was almost inevitably narrow-minded and severe, such restrictions on personal freedom could not exist in any new-formed settlement in our land. But excellence and the purest virtue wore that cloak then, and, despite the cloak, the good that was in those men lives after them. "It was," as Mr. Whitehead has remarked, "emphatically a Christian community that was established here; by no means faultless, but one that recognized the truth that it is the river from which men drink and live, not such as they bend over to see themselves reflected in before they die, that flows untainted and perennial'-a community in which religion was no abstraction, but a living, active, vivifying principle." The roll of the drum in the streets of the little hamlet two hundred years ago called the people to church and to town-meeting alike. In the original agreement of twenty-three heads of families in tlie NewHaven colony "touching their intended design" of establishing "Our Town upon Passaick River in the Province of New-Jersey," the various clauses were backed up, so to speak, with scriptural quotations, indicating the life-principle guiding those who framed.

the agreement-such as these: "And their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them." (Jer. 30: 21.) "Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens." (Exodus 18:21.) What a spectacle it would be, to see the settlers of some present-day western town laying their foundations with such stone as this! "And their nobles" were "of themselves," men of truth, fearing God, gentlemen in their deathless love of honor and honesty, the truest chivalry. What a contrast such men present to the effeminate feebleness of a race-common enough, alas! in all our great cities-with whom it is "gentlemanly" to keep soft hands through laziness; to scatter other people's money with a lordly air, having none of their own; to cheat their tailors, and to present two clean shirts a day as a patent of nobility! "These men," says an eloquent orator,* * 66 were no chartered libertines pursuing lost fortune; they were not brokendown gentlemen of aristocratic pretensions, cast-off members of powerful families, like some of their contemporaries-Captain John Smith's 'vagabond gentlemen and goldsmiths.' . . A strict democracy existed from the beginning. They appointed their own rulers. They established a common altar and a common school. Town-meeting, the nursery of American institutions, was their only parliament. Behold a self-constituted community in which all men were equal before the law! Where was such a spectacle ever seen before ?"

Looking over the broad area of Newark town to-day, with its long streets filled with human life, its beautiful residences, its manufactories vocal with industry's grand pan, its manifold manifestations of wealth and material greatness, it is curious to reflect on the price paid the Indians by the original settlers for the scene of all this prosperity. A "bill of sale" is usually a very hum-drum affair for any literary purposes, but the document before me is as interesting to read as an old romance. It lifts the curtain dropped by the lapse of ages, and brings the mind's vision to a focus. It relates how "Wee the said Wapamuck the Sakamaker, and Wamesan, Peter, Captamin, Wecaprokikan, Napeam, Perawae, Sessom, Mamustome, Cacanakque, and Harish, doe, for ourselves and With Consent of the Indians,

* Hon. William B. Kinney.

Bargain, sell and deliver, a Certain Tract of Land, Upland and Meadows of all sorts, Wether Swamps, Rivers, Brooks, Springs, fishings, Trees of all sorts, Quaries and Mines, or Metals of what sort soever, With full liberty of hunting and fouling upon the same, Excepting Liberty of hunting for the said proprietors that were uppon the upper commons, and of fishing in the said Pesayak River; which said tract of Land is bounded and limited with the bay Eastward, and the great River Pesayak Northward, the great Creke or River in the meadow running to the head of the Cove, and from thence bareing a West Line to the South bounds, wh. said Great Creke is Commonly Called and Known by the name Weequachick, on the West Line backwards in the Country to the foot of the great mountain called Watchung, being as is Judged about seven or eight miles from Pesayak towne," with other particulars at considerable length. And the whole is "solde and delivered for and in consideration of fifty double-hands of powder, one hundred barrs of lead, twenty Axes, twenty Coates, ten Guns, twenty pistolls, ten kettles, ten swords, four blankets, four barrels of beere, ten pair of breeches, fifty knives, twenty howes, eight hundred and fifty fathem of wampem, two Ankors of Licquers or something Equivalent, and three troopers Coates."

The limits of a magazine article do not allow a longer lingering over these curiously fascinating records, in which there is food enough for many pages of pleasant writing. Let us proceed to look at the Newark of to-day, leaving any further reference to the past to the inevitable suggestions of the present.

A morning train from New-York rushes across the country, and in half an hour leaves us at the depot at Newark. We are as strangers in this city's streets, and question in what direction to turn our steps. Lingering thus upon the sidewalk in Market street and looking about, we see a huge building looming against the sky a few rods distant, with a many-windowed observatory crowning its broad roof. There we can obtain a bird's eye view of the town, and thither we hasten. The building proves to be the flouring mill of Fagin & Co., the largest establishment of its kind, probably, in the world-a very leviathan. It is such a monster that to get to the top of it is quite an undertaking. We plod patiently up the Alpine height, and after climbing ten flights of stairs the summit is attained. Newark lies spread before us-grand as every great hive of human industry is grand from such an outlook-beautiful as few cities ever

are and surrounded by reaches of hill and dale, of grove and broad-spreading plain, that no landscape in the world need blush

to own.

The first peculiarity that strikes the eye in this scene is the omnipresence of shade-trees. The city is almost embowered with green. It is said there is not a street in all Newark that is not adorned with shade-trees. They cluster about the very fac tory-doors; they line the busiest business thoroughfares; the Broadway of the town is thick with them from end to end. The smokes of forges and engine-fires float up from amid the branches. of foliage, and the drayman's wheels mingle their rattle with the musical rustling of the leaves. New-Haven, the "city of elms," has not within its borders so many elms as Newark. Their long branches everywhere meet the eye. They tell a graceful story of the people who have inhabited Newark for the past century, for they are not of indigenous growth, but have been planted by private hands. There were no elms in Newark in the days of the Puritan settlers, and it is believed that their growth has been confined strictly to the last hundred years. The beautiful parks which dot the city here and there, with their noble rows of grand old elms, were quite void of trees as lately as 1797.

The next peculiarity of the scene is the great number of churchsteeples in it. Brooklyn, the "city of churches," has not so good a title to that sobriquet as Newark has, for there are more churches here than there, in proportion to the population; and this in spite of the fact that Brooklyn is emphatically a residence city, while Newark is as emphatically a manufacturing town. Away southward rise the brown stone walls of St. James's cathedral, a very handsome edifice. To the west, the South Park church lifts its two steeples; the graceful spire of Grace church pricks the blue vault like a needle; the old-fashioned white steeple of the Third Presbyterian church, the four turrets of Dr. Poor's church, the tall spire of Trinity, growing out of an umbrageous sea of green leaves, each in turn catches the eye; and the longer you look, the thicker the steeples seem to grow. Presbyterian churches, Reformed Dutch churches, Baptist churches, Methodist churches, Episcopalian churches, Roman Catholic churches, churches of every kind. There are three Jewish synagogues, and two Second Adventist churches. There is one Universalist church, and one of the modern Spiritualists; and, strange to say, only one Congregational church, where, it may be presumed, the