more perfect literary finish. In 1903 he published a delightful book on William Wedmore Story and his Friends, 'from letters, diaries, and recollections.' William James, son of Henry James, senior, was born in New York in 1843, and, educated at home and in Europe, took the Harvard M.D.; and from 1872 he lectured at Harvard on anatomy, physiology, psychology, and philosophy in succession. He became a professor in 1881. He is a keen and pregnant thinker, a luminous and attractive writer, defends what have been thought theological paradoxes on non-theological grounds, maintains orthodox positions in an unorthodox and original manner, and combines empirical method with a strongly idealistic body of thought. As an analytical psychologist he has exercised even more influence in America and in Europe than as a metaphysician. His works comprise Principles of Psychology (1900), and a smaller manual (1902); The Will to Believe; Human Immortality; The Varieties of Religious Experience -the last-named work being lectures delivered as Gifford lecturer at Edinburgh University in 18991901. In 1884 he had with filial piety edited his father's Literary Remains. Richard Watson Gilder, born at Bordentown, New Jersey, in 1844, studied law, served in the army, and did journalistic work on various papers in New Jersey before he became editor of Scribner's Monthly and then of The Century Magazine. He has founded or promoted numerous literary and artistic clubs, leagues, and associations; and he ranks high amongst contemporary American poets in virtue of The New Day (1875), The Celestial Passion, The Great Remembrance, Five Books of Song (1894), In Palestine (1898), Poems and Inscriptions (1901), and other volumes or series of songs and poems. Edward Noyes Westcott (1846-98), born in Syracuse, New York, was a banker in his native town, and died before his first novel was published-David Harum, a story in which the interest turned on the shrewd, humorous, eccentric character of a country banker; probably no work of American fiction has had such instantaneous An unfinished work by him, The Teller, was published in 1901 with a short memoir. success. Julian Hawthorne, biographer of his famous father (see page 755), was born at Boston in 1846, studied at Harvard and Dresden, and has done much journalistic work; and in addition to his Saxon Studies, his 'Confessions and Criticisms,' has written a history of the United States and a book on American literature. He has also published a score of novels and stories, longer and shorter, of which Garth (1877), Sebastian Strome, Dust, Beatrix Randolph, Fortune's Fool, Mrs Gainsborough's Diamonds, Prince Saroni's Wife, Archibald Malmaison, A Fool of Nature, One of those Coincidences (1899), have been notable. Joel Chandler Harris, born in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1848, was in turn printer, lawyer, and journalist. His Uncle Remus (1880), with its thoughts and sayings and doings of Brer Rabbit,' as conceived by the negroes of the South, opened a new field in literature, and quickly carried his name to the Old World, at once to children and to students of folklore. Later works are Nights with Uncle Remus (1883), Mingo, Daddy Jake, The Story of Aaron, Tales of the Home Folks, Plantation Pageants, The Chronicles of Aunt Minervy Ann (1899). James Lane Allen, born in Kentucky in 1849, taught in Kentucky University and elsewhere, but since 1891 has been famous for his novels, tales, and sketches illustrating various aspects of his native Blue Grass region-Flute and Violin, A Kentucky Cardinal (the cardinal bird), Aftermath, A Summer in Arcady, The Choir Invisible, The Reign of Law (1900). Eugene Field (1850-95), born at St Louis, Missouri, was a journalist at twenty-three, and gave much of his best work to the columns of a Chicago paper, his column of 'Sharps and Flats' being for years a characteristic feature. His work in prose and verse varies from tender pathos and delicate humour to the broadly farcical; he is best known as humourist and as poet of childhood. His best verses for children are those in With Trumpet and Drum (1892); A Little Book of Western Verse may fairly represent another type of work; and his humour is perhaps best illustrated in The Love Affairs of a Bibliomaniac. Edward Bellamy (1850-98), born at Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, studied at home and in Germany, and was admitted to the Bar; but most of his life was devoted to journalism and authorship. Looking Backward (1888), an imaginative tour de force, had a prodigious success at home and abroad, and was followed by a less brilliant sequel, Equality (1897). Other novels were Dr Heidenhoff's Process (1879), Miss Ludington's Sister (1884), and The Duke of Stockbridge (1898); and he wrote on sociological subjects. James Whitcomb Riley, born at Greenfield, Indiana, in 1853, painted signboards, cobbled plays for a theatrical troupe, and in 1875 began contributing verses to the papers-the verses in the local dialect that secured for him the sobriquet of 'the Hoosier poet.' He is equally well known for his poems for and of children. To the first category belong The Old Swimmin' Hole and various other collections; to another, Old-Fashioned Roses, Rhymes of Childhood, and A Child World. Francis Marion Crawford, son of a famous American sculptor (Thomas Crawford, 1814-57) long resident in Rome, was born at Bagni di Lucca in North Italy in 1854, and studied at Concord in New Hampshire, at Trinity College, Cambridge, at Karlsruhe, and at Heidelberg. At Rome he de voted himself to the study of Sanskrit, and during 1879-80 was engaged in press work at Allahabad, where he was admitted to the Catholic Church. Of late years his home has been at Sorrento in Italy, though he often spends some part of the year in America. His first novel, Mr Isaacs (1882), a story of Indian life, was succeeded by a long series of tales, including Dr Claudius, A Roman Singer, Zoroaster, Saracinesca, Paul Patoff, Greifenstein, Sant' Ilario, Marzio's Crucifix, A Cigar-maker's Romance, The Witch of Prague, Don Orsino, Pietro Ghisleri, The Ralstons, Casa Braccio, Corleone, Via Crucis, In the Palace of the King, Cecilia, The Heart of Rome (1903). Descriptive or historical works are Constantinople, Ave Roma Immortalis, and The Rulers of the South (a history of Sicily); and in The Novel-What it Is, a brochure, he expounded the view he cherishes of his art. His earlier novels had more mystery or adventure, his later ones more careful character-drawing; and in both series he moves easily to and fro between the sphere of fact and the occult world. His American novels have proved on the whole the least popular; the Italian Saracinesca series comprises his most accomplished and artistic work. Harold Frederic (1856-98), born in Utica, New York, was bred a journalist, but before his premature death had proved himself a novelist of exceptional gifts and powers, keen insight, rich humour, satirical strength, and constructive skill. Most of his novels, dealing largely with country life in New York State, were written after he settled in England. Seth's Brother's Wife (1887) was his first important story; The Copperhead (1894) was a tale of the Civil War; and in Marsena (1895) were collected admirably humorous sketches of character. The Damnation of Theron Ware (in England called Illumination; 1896) was a trenchant analysis of religious life; Gloria Mundi (1898), strangely unlike, was equally a human document; In the Market-place and The New Exodus, the latter a realistic study of Russian anti-Semitism, were posthumously published. Owen Wister, born at Philadelphia in 1860, graduated at Harvard, and had been three years at the Philadelphia Bar when The Dragon of Wantley: his Tail (1892), attracted notice to his literary gifts. Red Men and White, Jim McLean, The Jimmy John Boss succeeded; and The Virginian made his name known in Britain. He wrote a Life of President Grant, besides many contributions to the magazines in prose and verse. Richard Harding Davis, born at Philadelphia in 1864, had made a name for himself as a correspondent of the New York papers ere he became known to another world of readers as an original and vigorous novelist by such stories or collections of stories as Soldiers of Fortune, Gallegher, Van Bibber, The Princess Aline, In the Fog, Captain Macklin (1902). He has also published books on his experiences in Cuba, Venezuela, South Africa, and elsewhere. Paul Leicester Ford (1865-1902), born in Brooklyn, edited the works of Jefferson, and wrote on Washington, Franklin, and other subjects in American history. But his fiction was even better known-The Honorable Peter Sterling (1894), The Great K. and A. Train Robbery, The Story of an Untold Love, Janice Meredith, Wanted a Matchmaker, Wanted a Chaperon. He was editor of The Bibliographer (which he founded) at the time of his death-by his own hand. Robert William Chambers, born at Brooklyn in 1865, became a painter, and after studies in Julian's studio in Paris, exhibited in the Salon. His first considerable literary venture, In the Quarter, appeared in 1893; The Red Republic, a tale of the Commune, in 1894; Lorraine (1898) was a romance of the Franco-German War; Cardigan (1901) sought its subject in colonial experiences before the War of Independence; besides a play, Ellangowan, he has written a dozen other stories or collections of stories in various styles; and The Maids of Paradise was the work of 1903. Stephen Crane (1870-1900), born at Newark, New Jersey, and educated at Lafayette College and Syracuse University, became an active journalist, and showed special gifts as correspondent for a New York paper in the war between Turkey and Greece (1897) and in Cuba. His first essay in fiction was Maggie, a Girl of the Streets (1891); but it was The Red Badge of Courage (1895), an episode of the Civil War and a marvellously lifelike study of the mind and thought of a soldier in action, that made him known to the Englishspeaking world. Neither in The Third Violet, a story in dialogue and dialect, nor in collections such as The Minster and The Little Regiment, did he attain the same level; and his Irish story, The O'Ruddy, was completed by Mr Robert Barr. Bowery Tales, Wounds in the Rain, and Whilomville Stories were published from his manuscripts after his death. Winston Churchill, born at St Louis in 1871, was educated at the United States Naval Academy. In 1898 he made a success as an author with The Celebrity; even more popular was Richard Carvel (1899), a stirring story of American revolutionary times. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, born at Andover in 1844, was the daughter of a professor, and began to write for the press at thirteen. Besides lecturing and working for social reforms, she became famous by The Gates Ajar (1868), and continued in somewhat the same vein with Beyond the Gates (1883) and The Gates Between (1887). Others of some thirty works are Hedged In and The Silent Partner (1870), The Story of Avis (1877), Doctor Zay (1884). In conjunction with her husband, Rev. Herbert D. Ward, she wrote Come Forth (which to some appeared a travesty of the story of Lazarus) and The Master of the Magicians. Other works by her are Chapters from a Life, Austin Phelps, The Story of Jesus Christ, and, in 1903, Avery, a slight sketch of married life, with admirable character-drawing. Sarah Orne Jewett, born in South Berwick, Maine, in 1849, became known for her tales and sketches of New England life and Puritan character on its kindlier side, and was credited with something of Hawthorne's power of interpreting temperaments. Some of her books, like Deephaven, are rather a series of sketches than a story; The Country Doctor is a regular novel. Other titles are Old Friends and New, A Marsh Island, A White Heron, The King of Folly Island and other People, Betty Leicester, The Country of the Pointed Firs. Frances Hodgson Burnett, born Frances Eliza Hodgson at Manchester in 1849, went with her family to Tennessee in 1865, and had been writing for the magazines for years when in 1873 she married Dr Burnett, whom in 1898 she divorced. In 1900, long since settled in England (though she still counts as in other regards an American author), she married Mr Stephen Townsend. Her reputation was made by That Lass o' Lowrie's (1877), and confirmed by Haworth's, A Fair Barbarian, A Lady of Quality (also dramatised), Through One Administration, Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886; afterwards dramatised), The Making of a Marchioness (1901), and other stories. Mary Noailles Murfree, born at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in 1850, granddaughter of a revolutionary soldier, became a successful novelist under the pen-name of Charles Egbert Craddock. Of a score of novels and stories, the first notable one was In the Tennessee Mountains (1884); The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains (1885) more fully revealed her power; The Despot of Bromsedge Cove (1889) was equally popular; His Vanished Star, The Mystery of Witchface Mountain, The Young Mountaineers, The Bushwhackers showed unabated invention. Even to her own countrymen she revealed strange depths in the lives of the mountain backwoodsmen of Tennessee, Kentucky, Carolina, and Georgia. Margaret Deland, whose maiden name was Margaret Wade Campbell, was born at Alleghany, Pennsylvania, in 1857, and in 1880 married Mr L. F. Deland of Boston. In 1886 she published The Old Garden and other Verses. It was her John Ward, Preacher (1888), with its keen analysis of the struggle between a husband's Calvinism and a wife's agnosticism, that made her name generally known. Later works have been Sidney, Philip and his Wife, Mr Tommy Dove, The Wisdom of Fools, and Old Chester Tales (1898). Kate Douglas Wiggin, born at Philadelphia in 1857, married Mr G. C. Riggs in 1895, but still writes under the name associated with her first triumphs, The Birds Christmas Carol, The Story of Patsy, A Summer in a Cañon, Timothy's Quest (1889-90). A Cathedral Courtship, and Penelope's Experiences in England, Scotland, and Ireland respectively, are amusing tourist fiction. Polly Oliver's Problem and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903) are more serious works. Mrs Riggs has promoted education for poor children, and has written on Froebel and on the Kindergarten. Mary Eleanor Wilkins, born at Randolph, Massachusetts, in 1862, early began to write poems and stories for the magazines, and became specially well known for her convincing pictures of New England life and character, as in the stories collected under the titles A Humble Romance (1887) and A New England Nun. Pembroke is a fuller study of a New England village; Jane Field and Madelon are tragedies with the same Puritan background. Other stories are Jerome, Silence, The Jamesons, The Love of Parson Lord. marriage Miss Wilkins became Mrs C. M. Freeman. By Gertrude Franklin Atherton, daughter of Mr T. L. Horn and a grand-niece of Benjamin Franklin, was born in San Francisco, and married Mr G. H. B. Atherton. In 1892 she published The Doomswoman, a tale of old California. Other of her books are Patience Sparhawk and her Times, American Wives and English Husbands, The Californians, and in 1902 The Conqueror, a detailed and elaborate romance claiming to give an essentially true account of the personal and public life of Alexander Hamilton. John Oliver Hobbes is the pen-name of PEARL MARY TERESA RICHARDS, born in 1867 in Boston, U.S.A., who from 1887 bore the name of Craigie; but in 1895 she secured a divorce from an unworthy husband. In 1892 she had entered the Catholic Church, having already made her penname known by Some Emotions and a Moral and The Sinner's Comedy. The Gods, Some Mortals, and Lord Wickenham (1895) confirmed her repute for invention, vivacity, and epigrammatic strength as an author, as did The Herb Moon and The School for Saints (1897). Robert Orange (1900) turned on problems of the soul, and showed power in dealing with questions of creed and faith and religious aspiration. Love and the Soul Hunters (1902) is a lighter production. She has also been successful as author, whole or in part, of several plays, mostly short. Resident in England, she is duly named in the literary year-books both of Britain and of America. Mary Johnston, born at Buchanan in Virginia in 1870, published a spirited historical Revolution, Prisoners of Hope (in England called romance of Virginian plantation life before the The Old Dominion; 1898); To Have and to Hold (in England, By Order of the Company; 1900) turned on Virginian life in the time of James; Audrey (1901) was a third tale of old Virginia, this time in the early eighteenth century. COMPLEMENTARY LIST OF AMERICAN AUTHORS. Washington Allston (1779-1843), called 'the American Titian' for his eminence as painter and colourist, wrote the poem The Sylphs of the Seasons and an art-novel, Monaldi, as well as lectures on painting. John Pierpont (1785-1866), Unitarian pastor and poet, was author of Airs of Palestine and other Poems, and is remembered for Warren's Address at Bunker's Hill' and his Yankee Boy.' John Howard Payne (1792-1852), actor, dramatist, and American Consul at Tunis, produced many plays and adaptations, but is chiefly remembered for the song 'Home, Sweet Home,' from Clari, set to music by Sir H. Bishop. Henry Charles Carey (1793-1879), bookseller at Philadelphia and political economist, developed his views in Principles of Political Economy (3 vols. 1837-40) and Principles of Social Science (1858–59). James Gates Percival (1795-1856), chemist and geologist, made a name for himself as a poet by Prometheus, Clio, and The Dream of a Day. John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870), an ante-bellum Southern novelist (who during the war defended the Union), wrote Swallow Barn, Horse - Shoe Robinson, and Rob of the Bowl, besides political satire and biography. John Gorham Palfrey (1796-1881), Unitarian pastor and professor at Harvard, wrote on Lord Mahon's History of England, and published a History of New England. Robert Montgomery Bird (1803-54), bred a physician, wrote three tragedies, The Gladiator, Oraloosa, and The Broker of Bogota; the historical novels Calavar and The Infidel; The Hawks of Hawk Hollow, Sheppard Lee, Peter Pilgrim, and Robin Day; but is best remembered for Nick of the Woods, the story of a Kentucky backwoodsman in the Revolutionary War. Richard Hildreth (1807-65) wrote on morals, on poli tics, on despotism in America, and on banking; a history of the United States (6 vols.); and an anti-slavery novel, The White Slave. Henry Theodore Tuckerman (1813-71) wrote records of Italian and Sicilian sojourns, books on art and artists in America, Rambles and Reveries, Thoughts on the Poets, The Diary of a Dreamer, and several volumes of poetry, including A Sheaf of Verse. Jones Very (1813-80) was in his day highly esteemed as poet and essayist; a complete edition of his prose and verse was published in 1886. Christopher Pearse Cranch (1813-92), Unitarian minister, painter, and poet, wrote for the Transcendental Dial, and published books for the young (The Last of the Huggermuggers and Kobboltzo), a blank-verse translation of the Æneid, The Bird and the Bell, and Ariel and Caliban. Henry Norman Hudson (1814-86), Shakespearian scholar, published his Lectures on Shakespeare and an edition of the works in 1856-58, and in 1884 a volume of Wordsworth Studies. Rufus Wilmot Griswold (1815-57) edited Poe's works, with a much-criticised memoir, and published a long series of works on the poets and poetry of America and of England, and a Life of Napoleon. John Godfrey Saxe (1816-87) made his name known by his humorous or satirical poems; 'The Rhyme of the Rail,' 'The Briefless Barrister,' and 'The Proud Miss McBride' being famous amongst the humorous series, and 'Jerry the Miller,' 'I'm Growing Old,' 'The Old Church Bell,' and 'Treasures in Heaven' amongst serious poems. Edward Percy Whipple (1819-86) wrote Essays and Reviews, Literature and Life, Wit and Humour, and The Literature of the Age of Elizabeth. Richard Grant White (1821-85) became known from 1852 on as one of the most learned and acute Shakespearians, his publications including the 'Riverside' and other editions of the works, Memoirs of Shakespeare, as well as Mansfield Humfrey, a novel. Thomas Buchanan Read (1822-72), portrait-painter and poet, published a prose romance, The Pilgrims of the Great St Bernard, and some half-dozen volumes of poetry, including The New Pastoral, The House by the Sea, Sylvia, and A Summer Story-the latter containing 'Sheridan's Ride.' Edward Everett Hale (b. 1822) did much to maintain loyalty to the Union by The Man without a Country in 1863; has written over fifty books, mostly stories; and in 1902 published Memories of a Hundred Years. George Henry Boker (1823-90), diplomatist, dramatist, and poet, wrote the tragedies Calaynos, Anne Boleyn, Leonora de Guzman, The Betrothed, The Widow's Marriage, and Francesca da Rimini- the best and most frequently revived. Of his later books of poems, Street Lyrics, Königsmark, and The Book of the Dead were the most notable. Henry Timrod (1829-67), a Southern poet of German extraction, secured a wide audience by a volume of poems in 1860, and wrote for the South many very popular war songs, but was reduced to destitution by the war. Paul Hamilton Hayne (1831-86), a Southern poet, served and suffered in the Civil War; his Legends and Lyrics and The Mountain of the Lovers are included in his Poetical Works (1882). Moncure Daniel Conway (b. 1832), Unitarian minister, journalist, and author, wrote Idols and Ideals, Demonology and Devil Lore, The Wandering Jew, books on Republican Superstitions, Solomon and Solomonic Literature, and Lives of Washington, Paine, Carlyle, and Hawthorne. James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), a great and original painter and etcher, scored some brilliant literary successes against Ruskin and his other critics, collected in The Gentle Art of Making Enemies (1890; enlarged 1892). Moses Coit Tyler (1835-1900), professor successively in Michigan University and at Cornell, published, besides The Brawnsville Papers, a Life of Patrick Henry, and a manual of English literature, the standard History of American Literature down to 1765 (2 vols. 1878), and the Literary History of the American Revolution (2 vols. 1897). John White Chadwick (b. 1840), pastor of a Unitarian church in Brooklyn, has published, besides sermons and theological works, Lives of Theodore Parker (1900) and W. E. Channing (1903), and, between 1876 and 1900, four volumes of poetry; and to the present work he has contributed a series of signed articles. John Habberton (b. 1842), soldier and journalist, James Ford Rhodes (b. 1848) is author of a great tory in Columbia College, is known for his history William Crary Brownell (b. 1851) has written on French Traits, on French Art, and on Victorian Prose Masters. Henry Van Dyke (b. 1852), Congregational minister and Professor of English Literature at Princeton, has published, besides theological works, one or two volumes of verse and a well-known treatise on The Poetry of Tennyson (1889). James Brander Matthews (b. 1852), Professor of Dramatic Literature in Columbia University, has written plays, a book on Americanisms and Briti cisms, French Dramatists of To-day, An Introduction to American Literature. Jacob Gould Schurman (b. 1854), President of Cornell University, has written on Kantian and evolution ethics, on the ethics of Darwinism, on belief in God, on agnosticism and religion, and to the present work has contributed the article on Emerson. Roland Alexander Wood-Seys, born in Kent in 1854, settled in California as olive-grower, and as 'Paul Cushing' made a name by the novels A Woman with a Secret, The Blacksmith of Voe, Bull i the Thorn, God's Lad. Alfred Henry Lewis, editor of The Verdict, a New York humorous weekly, attained eminence as a humourist by his Wolfville, Episodes of Cowboy Life, and Sandburrs. Henry Cuyler Bunner (1855-96), journalist in New York, was also a poet and novelist, his most charming verses being collected in Airs from Arcady and Rowen. The Midge and The Story of a New York House were novels; there were numerous collections of short stories; and Made in France was a series of most skilful adaptations from Maupassant. Poulteney Bigelow (b. 1855), lecturer on modern history at Yale, Princeton, Columbia, and Chicago, has written on The German Emperor and his Neigh bours, The Borderland of Czar and Kaiser, The German Struggle for Liberty, White Man's Africa, and Children of the Nations. George Edward Woodberry (b. 1855), Professor of Comparative Literature in Columbia College, New York, has written on wood-engraving; Lives of Poe and Hawthorne; Studies in Letters and Life, Makers of Literature, and other critical works; The North Shore Watch and other Poems (1890). He has also edited Shelley, Poe, Lamb, and Aubrey de Vere; and he has contributed to the present work. Finley Peter Dunne (b. 1857), journalist in Chicago, developed a new vein of humour, American rather than Irish, in Mr Dooley in Peace and War, Mr Dooley in the Hearts of his Countrymen, and Mr Dooley's Philosophy (1898-1900). Hamlin Garland (b. 1860), dramatist and novelist, produced Main-Traveled Roads, a realistic story, in 1890, followed by A Spoil of Office, Prairie Folks, Rose of Dutcher's Coolly, Wayside Courtships, Her Mountain Lover, and has written criticism (Crumbling Idols), Prairie Songs, and a Life of President Grant. Ernest Seton-Thompson (born in England in 1860), artist and book illustrator, struck a new literary vein in Wild Animals I have Known, The Biography of a Grizzly, and Wild Animal Play for Children. Irving Bacheller, one of the editors of the New York World, attracted notice by his stories The Master of Silence and The Still House of Darrow (1890–94); with Eben Holden he made a great success in 1900; Darrel of the Blessed Isles (1903) was largely a por traiture of a still more eccentric character. Richard Hovey (1864-1900) was author of the dramatic series Launcelot and Guenevere, of Taliesin, a Masque, and of a volume of verse, Along the Trail. Newton Booth Tarkington (b. 1869) wrote in 1899 The Gentleman from Indiana, and in 1900 the novelette Monsieur Beaucaire, subsequently dramatised by himself and Mr Sutherland. Jack London (b. 1876 in San Francisco) made himself known as author of Alaska scenes and stories, and, in 1903, of The People of the Abyss, on East End life in London. Lucy Larcom (1826-93) published Ships in the Mist Celia Thaxter (born Laighton; 1836-94) published Sarah Chauncey Woolsey (b. 1845) has as 'Susan Constance Cary Harrison (born Cary, 1846; by mar riage Mrs Burton Harrison) published Golden Rod in 1880, Folk and Fairy Tales in 1885, and The Anglomaniacs in 1887; and more recently, A Daughter of the South, Good Americans, A Triple Entanglement, A Princess of the Hills, besides a play. |
