Characterization of Catalytic MaterialsCatalytic materials are essential to nearly every commercial and industrial chemical process in order to make reaction times faster and more efficient. Understanding the microstructure of such materials is essential to designing improved catalytic properties. This volume in the materials characterization series reviews the more common types characterization methods used for understanding surface and structural properties of most types of commercially used catalytic materials.
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Page 22
... reduction and evacuation at 450 °C. The lower trace was measured after subsequent evacuation for 15 min at room temperature to about 1 × 10–5 torr. The vertical axis is the ratio of moles of atomic hydrogen to moles of platinum in the ...
... reduction and evacuation at 450 °C. The lower trace was measured after subsequent evacuation for 15 min at room temperature to about 1 × 10–5 torr. The vertical axis is the ratio of moles of atomic hydrogen to moles of platinum in the ...
Page 23
... reduced and clean catalyst sample is placed under a stream of inert gas, into which pulses of a known amount of adsorbing gas are injected. The amount of adsorbing gas that reaches the back of the reactor is monitored by a thermal ...
... reduced and clean catalyst sample is placed under a stream of inert gas, into which pulses of a known amount of adsorbing gas are injected. The amount of adsorbing gas that reaches the back of the reactor is monitored by a thermal ...
Page 28
... reduced in situ to reverse strain and corro- sion induced by oxidation. Particle size estimates from line-broadening have a high degree of uncertainty, given that line-width is not a very precise quantity and that particle shape and ...
... reduced in situ to reverse strain and corro- sion induced by oxidation. Particle size estimates from line-broadening have a high degree of uncertainty, given that line-width is not a very precise quantity and that particle shape and ...
Page 29
... reduced under hydrogen at 775 K.33 2.5 Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are discussed at length in the Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization . Metals char ...
... reduced under hydrogen at 775 K.33 2.5 Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are discussed at length in the Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization . Metals char ...
Page 31
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Contents
1 | |
17 | |
3 Bulk Metal Oxides | 47 |
4 Supported Metal Oxides | 69 |
5 Bulk Metal Sulfides | 89 |
6 Supported Metal Sulfides | 109 |
7 Zeolites and Molecular Sieves | 129 |
Methods of Preparation and Characterization | 149 |
LowEnergy Electron Diffraction LEED | 179 |
Mössbauer Spectroscopy | 180 |
Neutron Activation Analysis NAA | 181 |
Neutron Diffraction | 182 |
Physical and Chemical Adsorption for the Measurement of Solid Surface Areas | 183 |
Raman Spectroscopy | 184 |
Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM | 185 |
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy STEM | 186 |
Technique Summaries | 165 |
Auger Electron Spectroscopy AES | 167 |
Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry DSIMS | 168 |
Electron Energyloss Spectroscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope EELS | 169 |
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Electron Spin Resonance | 170 |
Electron Microprobe XRay Microanalysis EPMA | 171 |
EnergyDispersive XRay Spectroscopy EDS | 172 |
Extended XRay Absorption Fine Structure EXAFS | 173 |
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR | 174 |
High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy HREELS | 175 |
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICPMS | 176 |
Inductively Coupled PlasmaOptical Emission Spectroscopy ICPOES | 177 |
Ion Scattering Spectroscopy ISS | 178 |
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy STM and SFM | 187 |
Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR | 188 |
Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Static SIMS | 189 |
Temperature Programmed Techniques | 190 |
Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM | 191 |
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy UPS | 192 |
XRay Diffraction XRD | 193 |
XRay Fluorescence XRF | 194 |
XRay Photoelectron and Auger Electron Diffraction XRD and AED | 195 |
XRay Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS | 196 |
Index | 197 |
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Common terms and phrases
acid adsorbed adsorption alloys alumina aluminum analysis atoms beam bond bulk metal calcination Catal catalytic activity catalytic behavior catalytic materials cation Chem chemical chemical shifts chemisorption Chemistry cobalt coordination crystalline crystallites desorption determine electron microscopy elements energy EXAFS faujasites Figure function hydrogen hydrogenolysis I. E. Wachs interaction lattice layer measured metal catalysts metal oxide catalysts metal oxide overlayers metal oxide phases microporous Mo ions molecular sieves molecules molybdenum oxide monolayer coverage MoS2 Mössbauer Mössbauer spectroscopy neutron obtained oxide support oxygen particle peak photoelectron pillared clays pore powder preparation probe promoter R. R. Chianelli Raman Raman spectroscopy reaction reduced resolution ruthenium sample single crystal solid solution species spectra spectroscopy structure studies sulfides sulfur supported metal oxide surface area surface metal oxide synchrotron techniques temperature temperature-programmed thiophene tion transmission electron microscopy two-dimensional metal oxide X-ray absorption X-ray diffraction XANES zeolites