Networked applications : a guide to the new computing infractructure [sic]

; Preface; Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 A Historical Perspective; 1.1.1 Technology View; 1.1.2 User and Organization View; 1.1.3 Unrelenting Change; 1.2 Computing in the Future; Electrification: Lessons from an Earlier Technological Advance; 1.3 Bits are the Atoms of the Information Economy; 1.4 Roadmap to the Book; Any Information Can Be Represented By Bits; Further Reading; Chapter 2 The Applications; 2.1 Users, Organizations, and Applications; 2.1.1 Before Networking; 2.1.2 After Networking; 2.2 Application Building Blocks; 2.3 Social Applications; 2.3.1 Characteristics of User Groups; 2.3.2 Styles of Social Applications; 2.3.3 Remote Conferencing with Shared Workspace; 2.3.4 Groupware; Collaborative Authoring; 2.3.5 Discussion Forums; Calendar and Scheduling; Newsgroups; 2.3.6 Cyberspace Applications; World Wide Web; 2.3.7 Back to the Big Picture; 2.4 Information Management; 2.4.1 Finding Useful Information; 2.4.2 Autonomous Information Sources; 2.5 Education and Training; Role of Push and Pull in Work Groups; 2.6 Business Applications; 2.6.1 Departmental Applications; 2.6.2 Enterprise Applications; SAP: Largest ERP Vendor; Data Warehouses and Data Mining; 2.6.3 Cross-Enterprise Applications: Electronic Commerce; Legacy Applications and the Year 2000 Problem; Dell Computer and Mass Customization; 2.6.4 Consumer Applications; 2.7 Similarity of Social Systems and Networked Computing; amazon.com: On-Line Merchant; 2.8 Open Issues; 2.8.1 The Productivity Quandary; 2.8.2 How Are New Business Applications Invented and Developed?; 2.8.3 The Glut of Information and Communications; 2.8.4 Accommodating Change; Further Reading; Chapter 3 Computers, Networks, and Organizations; 3.1 Computing Systems; 3.1.1 The System Architecture; 3.1.2 Decomposition of Systems; 3.1.3 Hosts and the Network; 3.2 Client/Server Computing; 3.2.1 Two-Tier Client/Server; 3.2.2 Three-Tier Client/Server; 3.2.3 Thin and Ultrathin Clients; 3.2.4 The Future of Client/Server; Data Warehouses and OLAP; An Ultrathin Client: The Network Computer (NC); 3.3 Internet, Intranet, Extranet; 3.3.1 Intranets; 3.3.2 Extranets; 3.3.3 Internet Applications; 3.4 Networked Computing and the Organization; 3.4.1 Rationale for Networked Computing; 3.4.2 The Application Life Cycle; 3.5 Open Issues: What Lies beyond Client/Server Computing?; Further Reading; Chapter 4 Software Architecture and Standardization; 4.1 What Makes a Good Architecture; 4.1.1 Decomposition and Modularity; 4.1.2 Granularity and Hierarchy; 4.1.3 Interfaces: The Module's Face to the World; 4.1.4 Abstraction; Example of Abstraction: The Flora; 4.1.5 Encapsulation; 4.1.6 Modularity and Interfaces in Computing; 4.2 Architecture of the Software Infrastructure; 4.2.1 Goals of the Infrastructure; 4.2.2 Layering; A Layered View of the Life and Social Sciences; 4.3 Standardization; 4.3.1 Reference Models and Interfaces; Standardization within Applications; 4.3.2 Organization of the Standardization Process; International Organization for Standardization (ISO); 4.3.3 Control and Enforcement of Standards; Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF); Chapter 5 Industry and Government; 5.1 Participants, Products, and Services; 5.1.1 Types of Suppliers; 5.1.2 Types of Consumers; 5.1.3 Types of Information Goods; 5.1.4 Types of Software Goods; 5.1.5 Equipment: The Component Model; 5.2 Changes in Industry Structure; 5.2.1 From Stovepipe to Layering; 5.2.2 Less Vertical Integration and More Diversification; Dell as Subsystem Integrator; Information Appliances; 5.2.3 Venture Capital and Start-up Companies; 5.2.4 Computing/Communications Convergence; 5.3 Obstacles to Change; 5.3.1 The Network Effect; 5.3.2 Lock-In; The Success of the Web; The Value of Consumer Lock-In to a Supplier; 5.3.3 Path-Dependent Effects; Microsoft vs. Everybody Else; 5.4 Challenges for Suppliers; 5.4.1 Properties of Information; 5.4.2 How Software Differs from Information; 5.4.3 Protecting Investments with Intellectual Property; 5.4.4 Selling Content and Software; Are Shrink-Wrapped Applications Poor Quality and Overfeatured?; 5.5 Government Roles; 5.5.1 Protecting Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property as a Strategic Tool; 5.5.2 Government Policies and Laws; Patents and Standardization; 5.6 Open Issues; 5.6.1 How Is the Industry Organized?; 5.6.2 Sovereignty and the Global Internet; 5.6.3 The Language of the Internet; 5.6.4 Archiving Digital Information; 5.6.5 A New Partnership; Further Reading; Chapter 6 Application Software; 6.1 Some Overriding Issues; 6.1.1 Software Complexity; 6.1.2 Acquiring an Application; 6.1.3 Development Methodology: Decomposition vs. Assembly; 6.1.4 Software Reuse; Component Standards; 6.1.5 Location of Data and Computation; 6.2 Tightly Coupled Data and Processing Models; 6.2.1 Object-Oriented Programming; Modeling and Representation; 6.2.2 Software Components and Frameworks; Components, Frameworks, and the Industrial Revolution; 6.3 Loosely Coupled Data and Processing; 6.3.1 Database Management; Extending Databases to Objects: ORDBMS and ODBMS; 6.3.2 Document Management: XML; eXtensible Markup Language (XML); Further Reading; Chapter 7 Communications Support for Applications; 7.1 Algorithms, Protocols, and Policies; 7.2 Abstract Communication Services; 7.2.1 Message Service; The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Is a Message Delivered for Sure?; 7.2.2 Message with Reply Service; 7.2.3 Timing and Concurrency; 7.2.4 The Session; 7.2.5 The Broadcast; 7.3 Internet Communication Services; 7.3.1 Internet Protocol (IP); 7.3.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP); 7.3.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); RMI Is Layered on Messages; 7.3.4 Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP); 7.3.5 Multimedia Sessions; Internet Streaming Message Protocols; Further Reading; Chapter 8 Trustworthiness: Reliability and Security; 8.1 The Facets of Trustworthiness; 8.1.1 Program and System Correctness; Diversity, Reliability, and Security; 8.1.2 Security: Countering External Threats; Uses of Data Replication; Availability, Security, and the Market; Computer Viruses; 8.2 Computer and Network Security Measures; 8.2.1 Encryption Ensures Confidentiality; 8.2.2 Authentication; Certificates and a National Identity Card; 8.2.3 Message Integrity and Nonrepudiation; 8.2.4 Combining Techniques; 8.2.5 Security Policies; Legal Sanctions; 8.3 Electronic Payments; 8.3.1 On-Line Credit Card Systems; Questions about Digital Cash; 8.4 Open Issues; Privacy and Anonymous Digital Cash; 8.4.1 How Do We Deal with Increasing vulnerability?; 8.4.2 National Security and Law Enforcement Needs; 8.4.3 Individual Privacy; 8.4.4 Theft and Piracy of Software and Information; Further Reading; Chapter 9 Middleware Can Assist the Application; 9.1 Message-Oriented Middleware as an Aid to Workflow; 9.2 Transaction Processing; 9.2.1 Example of the Challenges: Travel Reservations; 9.2.2 What Is a Transaction?; 9.2.3 Transaction Processing Architecture; The ACID Properties of Transactions; Open Transaction Processing Standards; 9.3 Mobile Code and Mobile Agents; 9.3.1 Interactivity and Scalability; Mobile Code, Agents, and Objects; 9.3.2 Interoperability; Mobile Code and Network Effects; 9.3.3 Mobile Agents; 9.3.4 Mobile Code and Agent Middleware; Java and Information Appliances; 9.4 Distributed Object Management; Java as a De Facto Standard; 9.4.1 One DOM Standard: CORBA; Java and Security; 9.4.2 Services Offered by DOM; Competing Distributed Object Visions: DCOM and CORBA; 9.4.3 Interoperability among ORBs: IIOP; 9.5 Open Issue: Are Middleware Service Providers Needed?; The OMG Process; Further Reading; Portability vs. Interoperability; Chapter 10 Performance and Quality; 10.1 Performance and Quality Metrics; 10.1.1 Performance; 10.1.2 Quality; 10.1.3 Factors in Performance and Quality; 10.2 The Role of Concurrency; 10.2.1 Concurrency with Multiple Hosts; 10.2.2 Concurrency in a Single Host; Different Forms of Multitasking; 10.2.3 Resource Conflicts and Transactions; Why Networks Use Packets; 10.3 Scalability; Scalability in Production; 10.3.1 Blocking; 10.3.2 Duplicated Work; 10.3.3 Faulty Load Balancing; 10.3.4 Congestion; 10.3.5 The Role of Application Architecture in Scalability; 10.3.6 Mobile Code and Scalability; Today's Operating Systems; 10.4 Operating Systems; Operating Systems and Winner-Take-All Effects; Further Reading; Chapter 11 Networks; 11.1 Functions of a Network; 11.1.1 Sharing: Statistical Multiplexing; Origins of the Internet; 11.1.2 Packet Forwarding and Routing; 11.1.3 Name Services; Simulcast and Multicast; 11.1.4 Flow Control; 11.1.5 Congestion Control; The Value of a Name; 11.2 Quality of Service (QoS); Congestion and Network Externalities; 11.2.1 The Internet Transport Protocols and QoS; Cost of a Congestion Control Infrastructure; 11.2.2 Integrated Services; 11.2.3 Pricing Network Services; The Evolution of the Internet; 11.3 Network Security; 11.3.1 Secure and Insecure Authentication; 11.3.2 Security Flaws in Public Servers; 11.3.3 Firewalls and Packet Filtering; Today's Internet Pricing; Firewalls Limit Innovation; 11.3.4 Where to Use Encryption and Authentication; 11.4 Open Issues; 11.4.1 The Future of the Internet; 11.4.2 Making Money on the Internet; Further Reading; Chapter 12 Communications; 12.1 Communications Service Providers; 12.1.1 Communications Regulation; 12.2 Current Developments in Data Communications; 12.2.1 Broadband Network Access for Residences; 12.2.2 Nomadic and Untethered Internet Access; Internet Roaming; 12.2.3 IP Telephony; Wireless Access Protocol (WAP); 12.2.4 Integrated IP Networks; 12.3 Impact of a Communications Link; 12.3.1 Impact on Message Latency; Fiber Optics and Optical Networking; 12.3.2 Mitigating Communications Bottlenecks; Caching and Copyright Law; 12.4 Open Issues; 12.4.1 Is Communications Regulation Needed?; 12.4.2 Regulation of the Internet; Further Reading; JPEG and MPEG; Glossary; References;